Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Match the descriptions with the appropriate type of reinforcement. -Use of a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

An animal trainer teaches animals to act as the "limbs" of people with spinal cord injuries.It is most likely that the trainer relies upon:

Psychologists have taken advantage of the "Garcia effect" in order to develop humane ways of discouraging predators from preying on livestock.Explain this effect and then describe the classic study in which coyotes developed conditioned aversions to sheep.

The application of conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce maladaptive behaviours is called behaviour modification.

Social-cognitive learning theorists believe that omitting mental processes from explanations of human learning is essential in maintaining a rigorous scientific approach.

Which of the following would NOT result in classical conditioning?

For classical conditioning to be most effective,the neutral stimulus should ________ the unconditioned stimulus.

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects and they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a/an:

In Skinner's analysis,an operant behaviour can lead to two types of consequences.Describe these three consequences.

What major modification to behaviourism did Dollard and Miller propose in the 1940s and 1950s? Describe the social-learning theories that were in full bloom in the 1960s and the 1970s.What did Albert Bandura and his colleagues illustrate through their studies in which children watched films of an adult kicking,punching,and hammering on a big rubber doll?

Watson and Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting.Albert's reaction of fear when he heard the noise served as the ________ in their study.

Elton's mother has been nagging and nagging that he should stop fooling around with his guitar and start studying.Finally,in order to stop her nagging,Elton complies and hits the books.This example illustrates"

An unconditioned response is a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Mild punishers,such as a firm "No!" are as effective as stronger punishers would be if used in the same situation.

The "Little Albert" study continues to be one of the most frequently replicated experiments in psychology.

Match the examples with the appropriate type of reinforcement or punishment. -Sally's mother was so happy with the good grade Sally received on her term paper that she bought her a new dress she had been wanting.

Describe the way that John Watson used classical conditioning procedures to explain how an individual learns to love another person.

Quarters spilling from a slot machine would be secondary reinforcers.

A favourite experimental tool of radical behaviourists is the Skinner box.Describe how Skinner demonstrated operant conditioning of a rat using the Skinner box.

A stimulus that is inherently reinforcing is called a primary reinforcer.