Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner made a loud noise behind Little Albert's head by striking a steel bar with a hammer and then watched as Albert jumped and fell sideways on the mattress on which he had been sitting.Then they offered a live white rat and struck the bar.Albert began to whimper,tremble,and fall over and cry.When the rat was later offered alone,Albert reacted with fear.The fear of the rat served as the ________ in their study.

________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the unconditioned stimulus.

In negative punishment,the probability of a response ________ over time when a stimulus is ________.

An ongoing,and emotional,debate centres around the question,"Does media violence make people behave more aggressively?" What have psychologists found when meta-analyses were performed on hundreds of experimental studies? What happens when children cut back on their time watching TV or playing video games? Why do some researchers say that the relationship between media violence and real violence is not strong enough to worry about? What conclusions about the correlation between media violence and violent behaviour have merit according to the social-cognitive view? How do these findings relate to the critical thinking guideline "Tolerate Uncertainty?"

Edward Tolman and his colleague C.H.Honzik noted that ________ is not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs because of experience is called:

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

If a fourth-grade teacher gives lavish praise for a paper full of grammatical errors,then the child's self-esteem will be bolstered,thus leading to academic improvement.

Working in a room with a comfortable air temperature would be an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Mr.Tenedor works on the assembly line building cars.His mouth begins to water whenever the noontime bell signals the beginning of lunch.One day the bell goes haywire and rings every 30 minutes throughout the day.By the end of the day,Mr.Tenedor realizes that he has stopped salivating to the bell,which means that ________ has occurred.

When researchers attempted to teach slugs to dislike foods by pairing the food with an unpleasant taste,they found that:

The evidence in regard to media violence suggests that:

During operant learning,the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviours is called:

Gerry wants to train his new puppy not to chew on the furniture.He will be most successful in reducing the puppy's chewing behaviour if he uses:

Most psychologists believe that punishment is the most effective way to eliminate unwanted behaviours.

B.F.Skinner denied the existence of human consciousness and the value of studying it.

Noam's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is clean.His mom is using ________ to strengthen the response.

Describe the different types of reinforcers and punishers.Explain the role that negative reinforcement played in Little Albert's behaviour once he had acquired the fear of the white rat.What difficulties occur when an individual avoids a feared object or situation?

Brett's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is clean.His mom is using ________ to strengthen the response.