Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

When Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of canine subjects,they began to salivate.His student noticed that after being brought to the laboratory a number of times,the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the person's footsteps.The footsteps acted as a/an:

When one is first acquiring a response,learning is usually most rapid under a continuous reinforcement schedule.

Vanessa and Kurt want their son to keep his room clean.All of the following statements would be good advice for them to follow EXCEPT:

The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

________ helps explain why Shannon thinks that she will shoot more baskets if she remembers to have her mom carry the small "basketball" figurine Shannon has had since childhood.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

In order to modify someone's behaviour,one should:

Match the descriptions with the appropriate type of reinforcement. -Use of a reinforcer that is not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Kaiti uses her new green gel pen when writing an essay exam.When the tests are handed back,Kaiti gets an A+ on her essay.From then on Kaiti uses her "lucky" green gel pen whenever she takes a test.________ helps explain why Kaiti uses this pen.

Since the salivation of the dogs was interfering with his work on digestion,Pavlov's first response was annoyance at the secretions that occurred before the meat powder was placed on the dog's tongue.

Shaping would be the appropriate operant conditioning procedure if the response that you want to reinforce has almost no probability of appearing spontaneously.

In positive punishment,the probability of a response ________ over time when a stimulus is ________.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window.A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap.Startled,Samantha jumps at the noise.This happens several times.As the storm moves farther away,Samantha jumps at the sight of a lightening bolt but hears the thunder after her jump! In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the ________ and the conditioned stimulus is the ________.

Extrinsic reinforcers are defined as reinforcers that are:

As a young doctoral student,Edward Thorndike set the stage for the emergence of operant conditioning.Describe the research that Thorndike conducted with cats in a puzzle box.How did the cats behave at first when they wanted to reach a scrap of fish that was just outside the box? What happened over time? What conclusions did Thorndike reach? Although B.F.Skinner expanded on Thorndike's principles,Skinner avoided some terminology because it implied assumptions that Skinner felt were inappropriate.What changes did Skinner make?

Match the definitions with the appropriate concepts. -A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

To change your own behaviour,it is important to do all of the following EXCEPT:

B.F.Skinner was one of the best known psychologists in the United States,and also one of the most misunderstood.Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding B.F.Skinner?