Question 1

Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because

Accepted Answer

A)  they block urine flow out of the bladder. 
B)  they block urine flow out of the bladder and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
C)  they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
D)  they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
E)  they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish. 
A)  they block urine flow out of the bladder. 
B)  they block urine flow out of the bladder and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
C)  they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
D)  they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish and they can introduce bacteria from the skin, anal, or external genital areas into the bladder. 
E)  they provide a surface for bacterial biofilms to establish.

Question 2

A vaginal swab examined under the microscope reveals the presence of clue cells. Bacterial vaginosis is likely indicated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Infection in the urinary tract is limited by all the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  the urinary microbiome. 
B)  the slightly acidic pH of urine. 
C)  constriction of the urethra by the prostate gland in men and the placement of the urethra near the anus in women. 
D)  the flushing action of urine through the ureters and urethra. 
E)  constriction of the urethra by the prostate gland in men. 
A)  the urinary microbiome. 
B)  the slightly acidic pH of urine. 
C)  constriction of the urethra by the prostate gland in men and the placement of the urethra near the anus in women. 
D)  the flushing action of urine through the ureters and urethra. 
E)  constriction of the urethra by the prostate gland in men.

Question 4

Compared to complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), uncomplicated UTIs are less likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  recur after initial treatment. 
B)  involve a bacterial infection. 
C)  be diagnosed in women rather than men. 
D)  respond to antibiotic therapy. 
E)  be diagnosed in otherwise healthy individuals. 
A)  recur after initial treatment. 
B)  involve a bacterial infection. 
C)  be diagnosed in women rather than men. 
D)  respond to antibiotic therapy. 
E)  be diagnosed in otherwise healthy individuals.

Question 5

Which statement is not true about the urinary microbiome?

Accepted Answer

A)  The most consistently detected species are Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. 
B)  Most species can be cultivated using standard laboratory techniques. 
C)  Shifts in microbiome composition may be associated with physiological concerns such as incontinence. 
D)  The healthy urinary tract was believed to be sterile until molecular methods of analysis became available. 
E)  The species composition is consistent throughout the urinary system, across the lifespan or from person to person. 
A)  The most consistently detected species are Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. 
B)  Most species can be cultivated using standard laboratory techniques. 
C)  Shifts in microbiome composition may be associated with physiological concerns such as incontinence. 
D)  The healthy urinary tract was believed to be sterile until molecular methods of analysis became available. 
E)  The species composition is consistent throughout the urinary system, across the lifespan or from person to person.

Question 6

Chlamydia may result in any of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  pelvic pain with fever in women. 
B)  pelvic inflammatory disease in women. 
C)  neonatal conjunctivitis. 
D)  severe neurological disorders such as seizures, vertigo, memory and sensory impairment, and paralysis. 
E)  urethritis in males. 
A)  pelvic pain with fever in women. 
B)  pelvic inflammatory disease in women. 
C)  neonatal conjunctivitis. 
D)  severe neurological disorders such as seizures, vertigo, memory and sensory impairment, and paralysis. 
E)  urethritis in males.

Question 7

A urine dipstick test can diagnose urinary tract infections by indicating

Accepted Answer

A)  conversion of nitrite to nitrate in the urine. 
B)  elevated levels of leukocyte esterase. 
C)  the presence of glucose in the urine. 
D)  direct detection of Gram- positive or Gram- negative bacteria. 
E)  elevated creatine and BUN levels. 
A)  conversion of nitrite to nitrate in the urine. 
B)  elevated levels of leukocyte esterase. 
C)  the presence of glucose in the urine. 
D)  direct detection of Gram- positive or Gram- negative bacteria. 
E)  elevated creatine and BUN levels.

Question 8

Which is the true statement about vaginosis and vaginitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  The two conditions are always mutually exclusive. 
B)  Vaginitis is always due to microbiome dysbiosis. 
C)  Vaginosis is not likely to be sexually transmitted. 
D)  Vaginitis describes vaginal inflammation while vaginosis does not. 
E)  The two conditions are always seen together. 
A)  The two conditions are always mutually exclusive. 
B)  Vaginitis is always due to microbiome dysbiosis. 
C)  Vaginosis is not likely to be sexually transmitted. 
D)  Vaginitis describes vaginal inflammation while vaginosis does not. 
E)  The two conditions are always seen together.

Question 9

TORCH pathogens are all characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  transmission through sexual contact and the ability to cause intrauterine infections. 
B)  the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility. 
C)  the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. 
D)  transmission through sexual contact, the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility, and the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. 
E)  transmission through sexual contact. 
A)  transmission through sexual contact and the ability to cause intrauterine infections. 
B)  the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility. 
C)  the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. 
D)  transmission through sexual contact, the ability to cause intrauterine infections which are linked to infertility, and the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus. 
E)  transmission through sexual contact.

Question 10

A urine dipstick test is negative for elevated nitrite, but bacteriological culturing reveals Gram- positive cocci. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is indicated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The more dangerous CNS and disseminated forms can be minimized through which of the following interventions?

Accepted Answer

A)  administration of antiviral drugs to the affected newborn and delivery by cesarean section 
B)  administration of antiviral drugs to the affected newborn 
C)  vaccination of pregnant women 
D)  delivery by cesarean section and vaccination of pregnant women 
E)  delivery by cesarean section 
A)  administration of antiviral drugs to the affected newborn and delivery by cesarean section 
B)  administration of antiviral drugs to the affected newborn 
C)  vaccination of pregnant women 
D)  delivery by cesarean section and vaccination of pregnant women 
E)  delivery by cesarean section

Question 12

No bacteria have been detected in the semen of healthy men.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which is not an innate protection of the female reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  Normal microbiome members generate products which prevent pathogen growth. 
B)  The vaginal lining contains ciliate cells which trap and expel bacteria from the tract. 
C)  The vaginal lining sheds its cells every few hours. 
D)  Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides are present in vaginal secretions. 
E)  Mucous secretions trap microbes. 
A)  Normal microbiome members generate products which prevent pathogen growth. 
B)  The vaginal lining contains ciliate cells which trap and expel bacteria from the tract. 
C)  The vaginal lining sheds its cells every few hours. 
D)  Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides are present in vaginal secretions. 
E)  Mucous secretions trap microbes.

Question 14

A 48- hour old infant is brought to the clinic with signs of severe bacterial conjunctivitis (infection of the eye). The infant was born at home, with the birth assisted only by an unlicensed midwife, and no pharmaceutical interventions performed on the mother or infant. Which infectious agents is the likely culprit?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chlamydia trachomatis 
B)  HSV- 2 
C)  bacterial vaginosis due to mixed anaerobic species 
D)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
E)  Neither Chlamydia trachomatis nor Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be ruled out without further testing. 
A)  Chlamydia trachomatis 
B)  HSV- 2 
C)  bacterial vaginosis due to mixed anaerobic species 
D)  Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
E)  Neither Chlamydia trachomatis nor Neisseria gonorrhoeae should be ruled out without further testing.

Question 15

Unlike many other STIs, chanchroid is often symptomatic with resulting in quick treatment as patients actively seek medical attention.

Accepted Answer

A)  painful lesions, disseminated body- wide rash, and high fever 
B)  painful lesions 
C)  disseminated body- wide rash 
D)  painful lesions and disseminated body- wide rash 
E)  high fever 
A)  painful lesions, disseminated body- wide rash, and high fever 
B)  painful lesions 
C)  disseminated body- wide rash 
D)  painful lesions and disseminated body- wide rash 
E)  high fever

Question 16

Which of the following would be observed as a result of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  clue cells 
B)  a "cottage cheese" discharge 
C)  pus- filled lesions 
D)  clue cells and a "cottage cheese" discharge 
E)  pus- filled lesions and a "cottage cheese" discharge 
A)  clue cells 
B)  a "cottage cheese" discharge 
C)  pus- filled lesions 
D)  clue cells and a "cottage cheese" discharge 
E)  pus- filled lesions and a "cottage cheese" discharge

Question 17

Trichomoniasis is characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  many asymptomatic infections. 
B)  the need for long- term antibiotic therapy to result in a cure. 
C)  dysbiosis of the microbiome. 
D)  non- motile pathogen that forms persistent biofilms. 
E)  structural morphogenesis linked to pathology. 
A)  many asymptomatic infections. 
B)  the need for long- term antibiotic therapy to result in a cure. 
C)  dysbiosis of the microbiome. 
D)  non- motile pathogen that forms persistent biofilms. 
E)  structural morphogenesis linked to pathology.

Question 18

Lymphogranuloma venereum differs from the infection caused by the trachoma biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis in that

Accepted Answer

A)  lymphogranuloma venereum may result in the formation of buboes and tissues necrosis. 
B)  lymphogranuloma venereum bacteria do not have an intracellular lifestyle. 
C)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not sexually transmitted. 
D)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline. 
E)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline and is not sexually transmitted. 
A)  lymphogranuloma venereum may result in the formation of buboes and tissues necrosis. 
B)  lymphogranuloma venereum bacteria do not have an intracellular lifestyle. 
C)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not sexually transmitted. 
D)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline. 
E)  lymphogranuloma venereum is not treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline and is not sexually transmitted.

Question 19

Men, rather than women, make up the majority of syphilis cases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Despite the approval of several vaccines against human papilloma virus since 2006, infection rates of HPV in young women have not declined.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because

A vaginal swab examined under the microscope reveals the presence of clue cells. Bacterial vaginosis is likely indicated.

Infection in the urinary tract is limited by all the following except

Compared to complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), uncomplicated UTIs are less likely to

Which statement is not true about the urinary microbiome?

Chlamydia may result in any of the following except

A urine dipstick test can diagnose urinary tract infections by indicating

Which is the true statement about vaginosis and vaginitis?

TORCH pathogens are all characterized by

A urine dipstick test is negative for elevated nitrite, but bacteriological culturing reveals Gram- positive cocci. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is indicated.

The more dangerous CNS and disseminated forms can be minimized through which of the following interventions?

No bacteria have been detected in the semen of healthy men.

Which is not an innate protection of the female reproductive tract?

Unlike many other STIs, chanchroid is often symptomatic with resulting in quick treatment as patients actively seek medical attention.

Which of the following would be observed as a result of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Trichomoniasis is characterized by

Lymphogranuloma venereum differs from the infection caused by the trachoma biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis in that

Men, rather than women, make up the majority of syphilis cases.

Despite the approval of several vaccines against human papilloma virus since 2006, infection rates of HPV in young women have not declined.

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters

Exam 20: Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Urinary catheters pose risks of causing urinary tract infections because

A vaginal swab examined under the microscope reveals the presence of clue cells. Bacterial vaginosis is likely indicated.

Infection in the urinary tract is limited by all the following except

Compared to complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), uncomplicated UTIs are less likely to

Which statement is not true about the urinary microbiome?

Chlamydia may result in any of the following except

A urine dipstick test can diagnose urinary tract infections by indicating

Which is the true statement about vaginosis and vaginitis?

TORCH pathogens are all characterized by

A urine dipstick test is negative for elevated nitrite, but bacteriological culturing reveals Gram- positive cocci. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is indicated.

The more dangerous CNS and disseminated forms can be minimized through which of the following interventions?

No bacteria have been detected in the semen of healthy men.

Which is not an innate protection of the female reproductive tract?

Unlike many other STIs, chanchroid is often symptomatic with resulting in quick treatment as patients actively seek medical attention.

Which of the following would be observed as a result of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

Trichomoniasis is characterized by

Lymphogranuloma venereum differs from the infection caused by the trachoma biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis in that

Men, rather than women, make up the majority of syphilis cases.

Despite the approval of several vaccines against human papilloma virus since 2006, infection rates of HPV in young women have not declined.

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Nervous System Infections

Digestive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

Filters