Question 1

Which of the follow is false concerning the tetanospasmin toxin?

Accepted Answer

A)  taken up by peripheral motor neurons and transported to the spinal cord 
B)  causes irreversible damage to neurons 
C)  blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, preventing muscle relaxation 
D)  causes intense muscle spasms, drooling, sweating, and irritability 
E)  leads to flaccid paralysis 
A)  taken up by peripheral motor neurons and transported to the spinal cord 
B)  causes irreversible damage to neurons 
C)  blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, preventing muscle relaxation 
D)  causes intense muscle spasms, drooling, sweating, and irritability 
E)  leads to flaccid paralysis

Question 2

The sense internal and external stimuli, and send out responses in the form of chemical messengers called .

Accepted Answer

A)  muscles; chemokines 
B)  meninges; axons 
C)  cerebrospinal fluids; myelins 
D)  neurons; neurotransmitters 
E)  dendrites; arachnoids 
A)  muscles; chemokines 
B)  meninges; axons 
C)  cerebrospinal fluids; myelins 
D)  neurons; neurotransmitters 
E)  dendrites; arachnoids

Question 3

What is it called when there is only inflammation of the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  encephalitis 
B)  meningitis 
C)  meningoencephalitis 
D)  endocarditis 
E)  encephalomyelitis 
A)  encephalitis 
B)  meningitis 
C)  meningoencephalitis 
D)  endocarditis 
E)  encephalomyelitis

Question 4

Which of the following is true about spongiform encephalopathies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spongiform encephalopathies occur in a wide variety of mammals, but the infectious prions are species specific and do not cause disease in other species. 
B)  Spontaneous cases of Creuztfeldt- Jakob disease may be caused by mutations during cell division in neuronal stem cells. 
C)  The disease is tied to a normal cellular prion protein (PrP
C)  that is found mostly on the surface of neurons. 
D)  When the normal prion protein encounters an abnormally shaped version of itself, PrPSC, the normal prion's shape is changed and it becomes an infectious PrPSC. 
E)  Abnormal prions clump together and kill the affected neurons, which accounts for the spongelike appearance of brain tissue found in TSE autopsies. 
A)  Spongiform encephalopathies occur in a wide variety of mammals, but the infectious prions are species specific and do not cause disease in other species. 
B)  Spontaneous cases of Creuztfeldt- Jakob disease may be caused by mutations during cell division in neuronal stem cells. 
C)  The disease is tied to a normal cellular prion protein (PrP
C)  that is found mostly on the surface of neurons. 
D)  When the normal prion protein encounters an abnormally shaped version of itself, PrPSC, the normal prion's shape is changed and it becomes an infectious PrPSC. 
E)  Abnormal prions clump together and kill the affected neurons, which accounts for the spongelike appearance of brain tissue found in TSE autopsies.

Question 5

Protists reproduce through sexual as well as asexual means, depending on their life stage.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following comprises the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A)  brain 
B)  skin 
C)  meninges 
D)  nerves 
E)  spinal cord 
A)  brain 
B)  skin 
C)  meninges 
D)  nerves 
E)  spinal cord

Question 7

Group B Streptococcus is most likely to cause bacterial meningitis in which of the following age groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  infants and children 
B)  newborns 
C)  older adults 
D)  adolescents and young adults 
E)  It infects all age groups equally. 
A)  infants and children 
B)  newborns 
C)  older adults 
D)  adolescents and young adults 
E)  It infects all age groups equally.

Question 8

Which of the following is not an arbovirus?

Accepted Answer

A)  West Nile 
B)  La Crosse 
C)  Rabies 
D)  Lyme disease 
E)  dengue 
A)  West Nile 
B)  La Crosse 
C)  Rabies 
D)  Lyme disease 
E)  dengue

Question 9

When infected with Toxoplasma gondii, a protist, symptoms are always present within two weeks.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

C. gattii is usually contracted from urban environments, C. neoformans is associated with natural settings.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following is the layer of the meninges that has direct contact with the brain?

Accepted Answer

A)  pia mater 
B)  arachnoid mater 
C)  dinan mater 
D)  dura mater 
E)  geezin mater 
A)  pia mater 
B)  arachnoid mater 
C)  dinan mater 
D)  dura mater 
E)  geezin mater

Question 12

Patients who suspect exposure to rabies are

Accepted Answer

A)  injected with both antirabies antibodies and the inactivated vaccine. 
B)  injected with the inactivated vaccine. 
C)  injected with both antirabies antibodies and the attenuated vaccine. 
D)  injected with the attenuated vaccine. 
E)  injected with antirabies antibodies. 
A)  injected with both antirabies antibodies and the inactivated vaccine. 
B)  injected with the inactivated vaccine. 
C)  injected with both antirabies antibodies and the attenuated vaccine. 
D)  injected with the attenuated vaccine. 
E)  injected with antirabies antibodies.

Question 13

Which of the following paths does Cryptococcus neoformans take to get to the CNS?

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs - macrophages - lymphatic system - blood - CNS 
B)  nose - CNS 
C)  stomach - intestines - blood - CNS 
D)  muscles - blood - CNS 
E)  skin - blood - CNS 
A)  lungs - macrophages - lymphatic system - blood - CNS 
B)  nose - CNS 
C)  stomach - intestines - blood - CNS 
D)  muscles - blood - CNS 
E)  skin - blood - CNS

Question 14

Why is leprosy confined to the PNS?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cooler body temperatures of 30- 35°C are necessary for M. leprae's growth. 
B)  The immune system is able to hold its ground and protect the CNS. 
C)  Cells of the CNS lack the necessary receptor for M. leprae to gain access. 
D)  M. leprae are aerobic and therefore prefer having the access oxygen that living just under the tattered epidermis can provide. 
E)  It's not, but because it grows slowly and takes decades to reach the CNS, many believe that is where it is confined. 
A)  Cooler body temperatures of 30- 35°C are necessary for M. leprae's growth. 
B)  The immune system is able to hold its ground and protect the CNS. 
C)  Cells of the CNS lack the necessary receptor for M. leprae to gain access. 
D)  M. leprae are aerobic and therefore prefer having the access oxygen that living just under the tattered epidermis can provide. 
E)  It's not, but because it grows slowly and takes decades to reach the CNS, many believe that is where it is confined.

Question 15

Which of the following versions of the polio vaccine is preferred in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  inactivated polio vaccine which is injected into muscle and requires several boosters 
B)  oral polio vaccine which is made up of an attenuated viral strain 
C)  antibiotic treatment to clear the infection 
D)  transgenic DNA vaccine, which is made by inserting DNA for polio capsid proteins into the genome of a nonvirulent virus 
E)  Currently no vaccine is available, and patient isolation is the preferred method of control. 
A)  inactivated polio vaccine which is injected into muscle and requires several boosters 
B)  oral polio vaccine which is made up of an attenuated viral strain 
C)  antibiotic treatment to clear the infection 
D)  transgenic DNA vaccine, which is made by inserting DNA for polio capsid proteins into the genome of a nonvirulent virus 
E)  Currently no vaccine is available, and patient isolation is the preferred method of control.

Question 16

Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis, is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  efficient spreading in the host by breaking down blood clots 
B)  capsular switching 
C)  hides from the immune system inside neurons 
D)  infecting compromised hosts 
E)  mutations due to utilization of reverse transcriptase 
A)  efficient spreading in the host by breaking down blood clots 
B)  capsular switching 
C)  hides from the immune system inside neurons 
D)  infecting compromised hosts 
E)  mutations due to utilization of reverse transcriptase

Question 17

What diagnostic tool is used to confirm a diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  computed tomography (CT scan) 
B)  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 
C)  blood count 
D)  lumbar puncture 
E)  throat swap 
A)  computed tomography (CT scan) 
B)  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 
C)  blood count 
D)  lumbar puncture 
E)  throat swap

Question 18

Why is the immune response to pneumococcal meningitis the most damaging aspect of the disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Released antibodies bind to the basal membrane of tissues which results in the damage of these tissues and the neighboring cells. 
B)  An exotoxin stimulates severe inflammation and provokes host tissue damage as immune cells release oxygen radicals and enzyme- destroying proteins in response to the toxin. 
C)  A particularly potent endotoxin stimulates a rapid fever that typically holds at 104°C for 3- 4 days unless other actions are taken. 
D)  Neurons infected with the bacteria are identified and destroyed by the immune system resulting in paralysis or in some cases death. 
E)  Blood clots are formed in the circulatory system in an effort to isolate the bacteria; however, these clots are often the cause of heart attack or stroke in patients that don't seek medical treatment. 
A)  Released antibodies bind to the basal membrane of tissues which results in the damage of these tissues and the neighboring cells. 
B)  An exotoxin stimulates severe inflammation and provokes host tissue damage as immune cells release oxygen radicals and enzyme- destroying proteins in response to the toxin. 
C)  A particularly potent endotoxin stimulates a rapid fever that typically holds at 104°C for 3- 4 days unless other actions are taken. 
D)  Neurons infected with the bacteria are identified and destroyed by the immune system resulting in paralysis or in some cases death. 
E)  Blood clots are formed in the circulatory system in an effort to isolate the bacteria; however, these clots are often the cause of heart attack or stroke in patients that don't seek medical treatment.

Question 19

Which of the following is false about the lepromatous form of leprosy?

Accepted Answer

A)  The lepromatous form can spread to others. 
B)  The lepromatous form is more common than the milder tuberculoid form. 
C)  The lepromatous form causes irreversible tissue damage in the form of macules, papules, and nodules in many places on the body. 
D)  Without treatment, lepromatous leprosy is often fatal. 
E)  The lepromatous form is more serious than the tuberculoid form. 
A)  The lepromatous form can spread to others. 
B)  The lepromatous form is more common than the milder tuberculoid form. 
C)  The lepromatous form causes irreversible tissue damage in the form of macules, papules, and nodules in many places on the body. 
D)  Without treatment, lepromatous leprosy is often fatal. 
E)  The lepromatous form is more serious than the tuberculoid form.

Question 20

How do arboviruses cause nervous system infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  The virus produces toxins that damage neuron connections. 
B)  The virus invades and destroys the blood vessel cells that form the blood- brain barrier. 
C)  The virus is small enough to pass through the blood- brain barrier. 
D)  The virus is capable of crossing the blood- brain barrier by binding to transport proteins in the capillaries meant to be used for various nutrients. 
E)  The virus gains entry into the CNS by hijacking neurons of the PNS. 
A)  The virus produces toxins that damage neuron connections. 
B)  The virus invades and destroys the blood vessel cells that form the blood- brain barrier. 
C)  The virus is small enough to pass through the blood- brain barrier. 
D)  The virus is capable of crossing the blood- brain barrier by binding to transport proteins in the capillaries meant to be used for various nutrients. 
E)  The virus gains entry into the CNS by hijacking neurons of the PNS.

Exam 18: Nervous System Infections

Which of the follow is false concerning the tetanospasmin toxin?

The sense internal and external stimuli, and send out responses in the form of chemical messengers called .

What is it called when there is only inflammation of the brain?

Which of the following is true about spongiform encephalopathies?

Protists reproduce through sexual as well as asexual means, depending on their life stage.

Which of the following comprises the peripheral nervous system?

Group B Streptococcus is most likely to cause bacterial meningitis in which of the following age groups?

Which of the following is not an arbovirus?

When infected with Toxoplasma gondii, a protist, symptoms are always present within two weeks.

C. gattii is usually contracted from urban environments, C. neoformans is associated with natural settings.

Which of the following is the layer of the meninges that has direct contact with the brain?

Patients who suspect exposure to rabies are

Which of the following paths does Cryptococcus neoformans take to get to the CNS?

Why is leprosy confined to the PNS?

Which of the following versions of the polio vaccine is preferred in the United States?

Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis, is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by which of the following methods?

What diagnostic tool is used to confirm a diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis?

Why is the immune response to pneumococcal meningitis the most damaging aspect of the disease?

Which of the following is false about the lepromatous form of leprosy?

How do arboviruses cause nervous system infections?

Introduction to Microbiology

Biochemistry Basics

Introduction to Prokaryotic Cells

Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells

Genetics

Viruses and Prions

Fundamentals of Microbial Growth

Microbial Metabolism

Principles of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology

Host-Microbe Interactions and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Immune System Disorders

Vaccines and Biotechnology-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Antimicrobial Drugs

Respiratory System Infections

Skin and Eye Infections

Digestive System Infections

Urinary and Reproductive System Infections

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Infections

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