Question 1

How do transposons and retrotransposons differ in how they move around in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by plasmids. 
B)  Transposons move by means of a DNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an RNA intermediate. 
C)  Transposons move by means of a RNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an DNA intermediate. 
D)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by bacteria. 
A)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by plasmids. 
B)  Transposons move by means of a DNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an RNA intermediate. 
C)  Transposons move by means of a RNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an DNA intermediate. 
D)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by bacteria. B

Question 2

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation for these differences in human and chimp genomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The common ancestor of humans and chimps had 24 pairs of chromosomes. During human evolution, two human chromosomes fused end to end. 
B)  In the evolution of chimps, new adaptations resulted from additional chromosomal material. 
C)  At some point in evolution, human and chimp ancestors reproduced with each other. 
D)  Errors in mitosis resulted in an additional pair of chromosomes in chimps. 
A)  The common ancestor of humans and chimps had 24 pairs of chromosomes. During human evolution, two human chromosomes fused end to end. 
B)  In the evolution of chimps, new adaptations resulted from additional chromosomal material. 
C)  At some point in evolution, human and chimp ancestors reproduced with each other. 
D)  Errors in mitosis resulted in an additional pair of chromosomes in chimps. A

Question 3

Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  by descent from a common ancestor 
B)  because of convergent evolution 
C)  by chance mutations 
D)  in function but not structure 
A)  by descent from a common ancestor 
B)  because of convergent evolution 
C)  by chance mutations 
D)  in function but not structure A

Question 4

Which of the following conclusions has led to the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species?

Accepted Answer

A)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far greater than the number of its genes. 
C)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 
A)  The density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B)  The number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far greater than the number of its genes. 
C)  Most human DNA consists of genes for protein, tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. 
D)  The genomes of most other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome.

Question 5

Why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  The proteins are larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. 
B)  The coding portions of genes in eukaryotes are shorter than in prokaryotes. 
C)  There are no start codons in eukaryotic genes. 
D)  There are introns in eukaryotic genes. 
A)  The proteins are larger in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. 
B)  The coding portions of genes in eukaryotes are shorter than in prokaryotes. 
C)  There are no start codons in eukaryotic genes. 
D)  There are introns in eukaryotic genes.

Question 6

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  only DNA sequences 
B)  only entire sets of chromosomes 
C)  only entire chromosomes 
D)  DNA sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes 
A)  only DNA sequences 
B)  only entire sets of chromosomes 
C)  only entire chromosomes 
D)  DNA sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes

Question 7

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for the domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following statements is therefore correct regarding homeotic genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed as an organism develops. 
B)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
C)  Homeotic genes in apes and humans are very different. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes. 
A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed as an organism develops. 
B)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
C)  Homeotic genes in apes and humans are very different. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes.

Question 8

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequences yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  structural genes 
B)  the number of repeated sequences 
C)  regulatory sequences 
D)  environmental factors 
A)  structural genes 
B)  the number of repeated sequences 
C)  regulatory sequences 
D)  environmental factors

Question 9

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems. 
A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

Question 10

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome

Question 11

Why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crickets have higher gene density. 
B)  Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
C)  Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
D)  Crickets must make many more proteins. 
A)  Crickets have higher gene density. 
B)  Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
C)  Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
D)  Crickets must make many more proteins.

Question 12

How do transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs)differ?

Accepted Answer

A)  STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns. 
B)  STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons. 
C)  STRs make up only a small percentage of a given genome while transposable elements often make up larger parts of a given genome. 
D)  The repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements. 
A)  STRs occur within exons; transposable elements occur within introns. 
B)  STRs occur within introns; transposable elements occur within exons. 
C)  STRs make up only a small percentage of a given genome while transposable elements often make up larger parts of a given genome. 
D)  The repeated unit in STRs is much larger than the repeated unit of transposable elements.

Question 13

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations 
A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations

Question 14

If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA could be described by which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sequence codes for a protein. 
B)  The sequence codes for an rRNA. 
C)  The sequence is part of an intron. 
D)  The sequence is a regulatory sequence. 
A)  The sequence codes for a protein. 
B)  The sequence codes for an rRNA. 
C)  The sequence is part of an intron. 
D)  The sequence is a regulatory sequence.

Question 15

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Which of the following potential discoveries of additional data might be consistent with this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in living humans 
B)  a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences 
C)  duplications of several Neanderthal genes on a Neanderthal chromosome 
D)  some Neanderthal chromosomes that are shorter than their counterparts in living humans 
A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in living humans 
B)  a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences 
C)  duplications of several Neanderthal genes on a Neanderthal chromosome 
D)  some Neanderthal chromosomes that are shorter than their counterparts in living humans

Question 16

Bioinformatics includes ________.
I using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III developing computer-based tools for genome analysis
IV)using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV

Question 17

After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other known medicinal plants. What would annotation of the genome of this plant allow the company to determine?

Accepted Answer

A)  what proteins are produced by the plant 
B)  what mRNA transcripts are produced by the plant 
C)  identify genes and determine their functions 
D)  identify the location of mRNA within the plant cells 
A)  what proteins are produced by the plant 
B)  what mRNA transcripts are produced by the plant 
C)  identify genes and determine their functions 
D)  identify the location of mRNA within the plant cells

Question 18

Current analysis indicates that less than 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Accepted Answer

A)  less than 2% 
B)  about 50% 
C)  about 75% 
D)  100% 
A)  less than 2% 
B)  about 50% 
C)  about 75% 
D)  100%

Question 19

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of retrotransposons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition. 
B)  They are found only in animal cells. 
C)  They generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  They contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes. 
A)  They use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition. 
B)  They are found only in animal cells. 
C)  They generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  They contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is a correct representation of gene density?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have 1,000 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 protein-encoding genes in a 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Saccharomyces has a genome 40 times the size of a human genome. 
A)  Humans have 1,000 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 protein-encoding genes in a 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Saccharomyces has a genome 40 times the size of a human genome.

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

How do transposons and retrotransposons differ in how they move around in a genome?

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and chimps have 24 pairs of chromosomes. What is the most likely explanation for these differences in human and chimp genomes?

Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?

Which of the following conclusions has led to the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species?

Why is it more difficult to identify eukaryotic genes than prokaryotic genes using genomic techniques?

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for the domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following statements is therefore correct regarding homeotic genes?

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequences yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter ________.

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

How do transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs)differ?

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA could be described by which of the following statements?

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Which of the following potential discoveries of additional data might be consistent with this hypothesis?

Bioinformatics includes ________. I using computer programs to align DNA sequences II creating recombinant DNA from separate species III developing computer-based tools for genome analysis IV)using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

After finding a new medicinal plant, a pharmaceutical company decides to determine if the plant has genes similar to those of other known medicinal plants. What would annotation of the genome of this plant allow the company to determine?

Current analysis indicates that less than 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of retrotransposons?

Which of the following statements is a correct representation of gene density?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

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Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

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Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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