Question 1

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C)  percentage of blood volume made up of platelets 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic 
A)  measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries 
B)  measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood 
C)  percentage of blood volume made up of platelets 
D)  blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic D

Question 2

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  mouse 
B)  human 
C)  hippopotamus 
D)  giraffe 
A)  mouse 
B)  human 
C)  hippopotamus 
D)  giraffe D

Question 3

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart 
A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart A

Question 4

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation 
A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

Question 5

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  those of birds, with a four-chambered heart 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber 
C)  those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment 
D)  those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow 
A)  those of birds, with a four-chambered heart 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber 
C)  those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment 
D)  those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow

Question 6

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  converted to bicarbonate ions 
B)  bound to hemoglobin 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma 
A)  converted to bicarbonate ions 
B)  bound to hemoglobin 
C)  transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid 
D)  simply dissolved in the plasma

Question 7

An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  animal had evolved from birds 
B)  animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate 
C)  animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles 
D)  species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure 
A)  animal had evolved from birds 
B)  animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate 
C)  animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles 
D)  species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure

Question 8

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B)  The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C)  Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D)  Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures. 
A)  Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B)  The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C)  Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D)  Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

Question 9

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  The infected human's immune system is fighting the worms. 
B)  The worm infection is causing a decrease in cardiac output. 
C)  The worms are blocking the lymph vessels. 
D)  More blood is flowing through precapillary sphincters. 
A)  The infected human's immune system is fighting the worms. 
B)  The worm infection is causing a decrease in cardiac output. 
C)  The worms are blocking the lymph vessels. 
D)  More blood is flowing through precapillary sphincters.

Question 10

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules 
A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules

Question 11

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased activity of the immune system 
B)  blood sugar that is abnormally high 
C)  dehydration 
D)  sodium depletion 
A)  increased activity of the immune system 
B)  blood sugar that is abnormally high 
C)  dehydration 
D)  sodium depletion

Question 12

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned 
B)  lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell 
C)  switch to anaerobic metabolism 
D)  be unaffected 
A)  retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned 
B)  lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell 
C)  switch to anaerobic metabolism 
D)  be unaffected

Question 13

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
C)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
D)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. 
A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
C)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
D)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

Question 14

Atrial systole ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers 
A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers

Question 15

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

Accepted Answer

A)  bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds 
B)  inability of the right ventricle to contract 
C)  reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries 
D)  destruction of red blood cells 
A)  bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds 
B)  inability of the right ventricle to contract 
C)  reversal of normal blood flow direction in arteries 
D)  destruction of red blood cells

Question 16

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)on Mount Everest is approximately ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  53 mm Hg 
B)  157 mm Hg 
C)  255 mm Hg 
D)  760 mm Hg 
A)  53 mm Hg 
B)  157 mm Hg 
C)  255 mm Hg 
D)  760 mm Hg

Question 17

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly 
B)  the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing 
C)  the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide 
D)  stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing 
A)  the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly 
B)  the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing 
C)  the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide 
D)  stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing

Question 18

Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle. 
B)  Because of the change in blood pH, the blood can carry more oxygen. 
C)  The amount of oxygen in venous blood will increase. 
D)  Arterial blood entering the capillaries will carry more oxygen. 
A)  Oxygen delivery to muscle is increased when more carbon dioxide is produced by the muscle. 
B)  Because of the change in blood pH, the blood can carry more oxygen. 
C)  The amount of oxygen in venous blood will increase. 
D)  Arterial blood entering the capillaries will carry more oxygen.

Question 19

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Accepted Answer

A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium 
A)  systole of the left atrium 
B)  diastole of the right ventricle 
C)  systole of the left ventricle 
D)  diastole of the right atrium

Question 20

What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce efficiency of gas exchange 
B)  change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out 
C)  increase the efficiency of gas exchange 
A)  reduce efficiency of gas exchange 
B)  change the exchange of gases in the body from carbon dioxide out and oxygen in to carbon dioxide in and oxygen out 
C)  increase the efficiency of gas exchange

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ________.

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ________.

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ________.

Humans infected with some types of parasitic worms develop a condition called elephantiasis, which is characterized by swelling of the limbs. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of elephantiasis?

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________.

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ________.

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to ________.

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

Atrial systole ________.

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. If oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)on Mount Everest is approximately ________.

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ________.

Which of the following events would you predict as carbon dioxide is released from your muscles into the surrounding capillary bed?

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

What would be the consequence if we were to reverse the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth? This reversal of water flow would ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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