Question 1

Discuss the meaning of phenotypic plasticity and provide at least one example from human development.

Accepted Answer

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of

Question 2

Which observation would not be considered an example of phenotypic plasticity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Poor nutrition during development can delay menarche. 
B)  Snails grow a thicker shell in the presence of predators. 
C)  Butterflies develop darker pigments during the cold season. 
D)  Worker and queen honeybees cooperate in an elaborate control of reproduction. 
A)  Poor nutrition during development can delay menarche. 
B)  Snails grow a thicker shell in the presence of predators. 
C)  Butterflies develop darker pigments during the cold season. 
D)  Worker and queen honeybees cooperate in an elaborate control of reproduction.

Question 3

Refer to the figure shown.
  Based on the figure, what character is increasing overall as hooded seals develop into adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mass 
B)  Dive duration 
C)  Oxygen storage 
D)  Carbon dioxide tolerance 
A)  Mass 
B)  Dive duration 
C)  Oxygen storage 
D)  Carbon dioxide tolerance

Question 4

Which statement regarding hooded seals is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Weanlings dive as deep as adults. 
B)  Weanling hooded seals dive as many times per hour as adults do. 
C)  Weanlings have the same dive duration capabilities as adults. 
D)  Weanlings spend 90% of their time underwater just as adults do. 
A)  Weanlings dive as deep as adults. 
B)  Weanling hooded seals dive as many times per hour as adults do. 
C)  Weanlings have the same dive duration capabilities as adults. 
D)  Weanlings spend 90% of their time underwater just as adults do.

Question 5

Refer to the table shown.
  Sources: L. P. Folkow and A. S. Blix. 1999. Polar Biol. 22: 61-74; L. P. Folkow et al. 2010. Polar Biol. 33: 433-441.
a More than 170,000 dives were recorded using satellite-linked dive recorders.
b Outliers that represented < 0.1% of the data set are omitted.
According to the table, which measurement changes most dramatically from weanling hooded seals to adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  Duration of most dives 
B)  Longest dives 
C)  Depth of most dives 
D)  Deepest dives 
A)  Duration of most dives 
B)  Longest dives 
C)  Depth of most dives 
D)  Deepest dives

Question 6

Researchers can study the developmental distribution of chloride transport in the killifish by

Accepted Answer

A)  labeling Na+-K+-ATPase with an antibody that glows green. 
B)  exposing killifish to different concentrations of chloride during development and measuring chloride flux. 
C)  labeling the membrane of the chloride cells with a fluorescent dye. 
D)  using a microarray to measure the expression of chloride cells in different tissues. 
A)  labeling Na+-K+-ATPase with an antibody that glows green. 
B)  exposing killifish to different concentrations of chloride during development and measuring chloride flux. 
C)  labeling the membrane of the chloride cells with a fluorescent dye. 
D)  using a microarray to measure the expression of chloride cells in different tissues.

Question 7

A 5-year-old human child typically devotes 50% of his or her total body metabolism to

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscle. 
B)  thermoregulation. 
C)  the brain. 
D)  sodium‒potassium pumps. 
A)  skeletal muscle. 
B)  thermoregulation. 
C)  the brain. 
D)  sodium‒potassium pumps.

Question 8

What is meant by seasonal polyphenism? Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

Seasonal polyphenism is observed in a sp

Question 9

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the figure, which enzyme(s) is(are) upregulated during the fetal stage of the rat?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glycogen synthetase 
B)  Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
C)  Glycogen synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
D)  Glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
A)  Glycogen synthetase 
B)  Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
C)  Glycogen synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
D)  Glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Question 10

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the figure, which organ(s) develop(s) the slowest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Brain 
B)  Digestive organs 
C)  Heart 
D)  Reproductive organs 
A)  Brain 
B)  Digestive organs 
C)  Heart 
D)  Reproductive organs

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
  The figure shows measurements of

Accepted Answer

A)  the onset of thermoregulation. 
B)  organ development. 
C)  gene transcription. 
D)  enzyme upregulation. 
A)  the onset of thermoregulation. 
B)  organ development. 
C)  gene transcription. 
D)  enzyme upregulation.

Question 12

Why are white-footed mice not able to survive colder temperatures until around 18 days of development?

Accepted Answer

White-footed mice are small, furless, an

Question 13

What do hooded seals tell us about developmental physiology?

Accepted Answer

The study of hooded seals has added to t

Question 14

The phenomenon in which genetically identical individuals can assume two or more distinct body forms, induced by differences in the environment, is called

Accepted Answer

A)  polyphenic development. 
B)  epigenetics. 
C)  phenotypic plasticity. 
D)  seasonal polyphenism. 
A)  polyphenic development. 
B)  epigenetics. 
C)  phenotypic plasticity. 
D)  seasonal polyphenism.

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
  The data in the figure show evidence for the existence of

Accepted Answer

A)  nutritional deficiencies. 
B)  phenotypic plasticity. 
C)  epigenetic marking. 
D)  similarities in sibling DNA methylation. 
A)  nutritional deficiencies. 
B)  phenotypic plasticity. 
C)  epigenetic marking. 
D)  similarities in sibling DNA methylation.

Question 16

As hooded seals develop from weanlings, the most dramatic increase in their ability to store oxygen during a dive is seen in

Accepted Answer

A)  lung air. 
B)  hemoglobin. 
C)  myoglobin. 
D)  blood volume. 
A)  lung air. 
B)  hemoglobin. 
C)  myoglobin. 
D)  blood volume.

Question 17

Refer to the graphs shown.
  Considering the values of all panels of a mouse at 15°C on day 17 of development, which panel would represent the greatest difference when considering an adult white-footed mouse?

Accepted Answer

A)  Panel I 
B)  Panel II 
C)  Panel III 
D)  Panel IV 
A)  Panel I 
B)  Panel II 
C)  Panel III 
D)  Panel IV

Question 18

Refer to the figure shown.
  According to the figure, which statement regarding the lung data collected about hooded seals is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amount of O2 storage in the lung decreases during development. 
B)  The amount of O2 storage per kg of body mass changes the least during development. 
C)  Lung mass does not increase during development. 
D)  Lung volume does not change during development. 
A)  The amount of O2 storage in the lung decreases during development. 
B)  The amount of O2 storage per kg of body mass changes the least during development. 
C)  Lung mass does not increase during development. 
D)  Lung volume does not change during development.

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
  The data in the figure show that DNA methylation

Accepted Answer

A)  correlates with caloric intake. 
B)  does not change during a famine. 
C)  of individuals conceived during a famine was lower than that of siblings conceived during no famine. 
D)  of individuals conceived during a famine was higher than that of siblings conceived during no famine. 
A)  correlates with caloric intake. 
B)  does not change during a famine. 
C)  of individuals conceived during a famine was lower than that of siblings conceived during no famine. 
D)  of individuals conceived during a famine was higher than that of siblings conceived during no famine.

Question 20

Refer to the table shown.
  Sources: L. P. Folkow and A. S. Blix. 1999. Polar Biol. 22: 61-74; L. P. Folkow et al. 2010. Polar Biol. 33: 433-441.
a More than 170,000 dives were recorded using satellite-linked dive recorders.
b Outliers that represented < 0.1% of the data set are omitted.
According to the table, which adult measurement has changed the least from the weanling measurement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Durations of most dives 
B)  Longest dives 
C)  Depths of most dives 
D)  Deepest dives 
A)  Durations of most dives 
B)  Longest dives 
C)  Depths of most dives 
D)  Deepest dives

Exam 4: Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Discuss the meaning of phenotypic plasticity and provide at least one example from human development.

Which observation would not be considered an example of phenotypic plasticity?

Refer to the figure shown. Based on the figure, what character is increasing overall as hooded seals develop into adults?

Which statement regarding hooded seals is true?

Researchers can study the developmental distribution of chloride transport in the killifish by

A 5-year-old human child typically devotes 50% of his or her total body metabolism to

What is meant by seasonal polyphenism? Provide an example.

Refer to the figure shown. According to the figure, which enzyme(s) is(are) upregulated during the fetal stage of the rat?

Refer to the figure shown. According to the figure, which organ(s) develop(s) the slowest?

Refer to the figure shown. The figure shows measurements of

Why are white-footed mice not able to survive colder temperatures until around 18 days of development?

What do hooded seals tell us about developmental physiology?

The phenomenon in which genetically identical individuals can assume two or more distinct body forms, induced by differences in the environment, is called

Refer to the figure shown. The data in the figure show evidence for the existence of

As hooded seals develop from weanlings, the most dramatic increase in their ability to store oxygen during a dive is seen in

Refer to the graphs shown. Considering the values of all panels of a mouse at 15°C on day 17 of development, which panel would represent the greatest difference when considering an adult white-footed mouse?

Refer to the figure shown. According to the figure, which statement regarding the lung data collected about hooded seals is the most accurate?

Refer to the figure shown. The data in the figure show that DNA methylation

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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