Question 1

Abiotic oxidation of Fe²⁺ requires oxygen; no other chemicals can directly oxidize Fe²⁺.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

One important difference between the C,N,and S cycles and the P,Ca,and Si cycles is that

Accepted Answer

A) P,Ca,and Si are NOT cycled in terrestrial environments. 
B) the P,Ca,and Si cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry. 
C) the P,Ca,and Si cycles do NOT involve microbial activity. 
D) the P,Ca,and Si cycles are NOT affected by global warming or other human activity. 
A) P,Ca,and Si are NOT cycled in terrestrial environments. 
B) the P,Ca,and Si cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry. 
C) the P,Ca,and Si cycles do NOT involve microbial activity. 
D) the P,Ca,and Si cycles are NOT affected by global warming or other human activity.

Question 3

The precipitation of soluble iron ions into solid iron occurs spontaneously in the presence of organic carbon compounds.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

In the natural carbon cycle,carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere by the respiration of animals and chemoorganotrophic microorganisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Denitrification of fertilizer can result in harmful algal blooms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Describe how syntrophy helps explain why certain enrichments yield consortia and never an individual species.

Accepted Answer

Some catabolic processes are favorable o

Question 7

What reaction is catalyzed by mercuric reductase?

Accepted Answer

A) CH₃HgCH₃ to Hg²⁺ 
B) CH₃Hg⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
C) Hg⁴⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
D) Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰ 
A) CH₃HgCH₃ to Hg²⁺ 
B) CH₃Hg⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
C) Hg⁴⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
D) Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰

Question 8

Ocean acidification decreases the precipitation of calcium carbonate and thus will probably affect the cycling of Ca and other nutrients in the ocean.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Why does the burning of fossil fuels cause an imbalance within the carbon cycle? What is the consequence of this imbalance? Include a diagram of the carbon cycle to illustrate your answer.

Accepted Answer

The natural carbon cycle remains in bala

Question 10

The two main biological activities in the Ca and Si cycles are the biosynthesis of shells and exoskeletal material as well as the mineralization of these materials in sediments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Methanogens,among other compounds,use alcohols and fatty acids to synthesize methane gas in anoxic environments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which of the following is/are NOT a degradation product of organic material?

Accepted Answer

A) carbon dioxide 
B) methane 
C) oxygen 
D) carbon dioxide,methane,and oxygen 
A) carbon dioxide 
B) methane 
C) oxygen 
D) carbon dioxide,methane,and oxygen

Question 13

What is a characteristic of a deep sea marine cold seep/vent?

Accepted Answer

A) acidic 
B) luminous 
C) low pressure 
D) rich in methane 
A) acidic 
B) luminous 
C) low pressure 
D) rich in methane

Question 14

Climate scientists are developing methane hydrates to decrease the effects of global warming.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas produced by anthropogenic activities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which organisms form the foundation of the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A) anaerobic chemolithotrophs 
B) chemoheterotrophs 
C) chemoorganotrophs 
D) phototrophs 
A) anaerobic chemolithotrophs 
B) chemoheterotrophs 
C) chemoorganotrophs 
D) phototrophs

Question 17

Which compound in fertilizer do farmers use to inhibit the production of easily leached nitrogen compounds?

Accepted Answer

A) anhydrous ammonia 
B) carbonate 
C) nitrapyrin 
D) nitrate 
A) anhydrous ammonia 
B) carbonate 
C) nitrapyrin 
D) nitrate

Question 18

Lignin is a complex polymer of methoxylated ________ compounds and is present in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) silica / aquatic environments 
B) mineral / rocks 
C) oil / fossil fuels 
D) aromatic / vascular plant material 
A) silica / aquatic environments 
B) mineral / rocks 
C) oil / fossil fuels 
D) aromatic / vascular plant material

Question 19

The ocean has mitigated the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide production by

Accepted Answer

A) absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
B) absorbing over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
C) storing 600 billion tons of organic carbon. 
D) absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide and over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
A) absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
B) absorbing over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
C) storing 600 billion tons of organic carbon. 
D) absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide and over 80% of the trapped heat energy.

Question 20

Nitrification and anammox both

Accepted Answer

A) create nitrogen gas,but nitrification is aerobic while anammox is anaerobic. 
B) oxidize ammonia,but nitrification uses O₂ and anammox uses NO₂- for electron acceptors. 
C) are aerobic processes,but nitrification produces NO₃- and annamox produces N₂ gas. 
D) occur in soils at neutral pH. 
A) create nitrogen gas,but nitrification is aerobic while anammox is anaerobic. 
B) oxidize ammonia,but nitrification uses O₂ and anammox uses NO₂- for electron acceptors. 
C) are aerobic processes,but nitrification produces NO₃- and annamox produces N₂ gas. 
D) occur in soils at neutral pH.

Exam 20: Nutrient Cycles

Abiotic oxidation of Fe²⁺ requires oxygen; no other chemicals can directly oxidize Fe²⁺.

One important difference between the C,N,and S cycles and the P,Ca,and Si cycles is that

The precipitation of soluble iron ions into solid iron occurs spontaneously in the presence of organic carbon compounds.

In the natural carbon cycle,carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere by the respiration of animals and chemoorganotrophic microorganisms.

Denitrification of fertilizer can result in harmful algal blooms.

Describe how syntrophy helps explain why certain enrichments yield consortia and never an individual species.

What reaction is catalyzed by mercuric reductase?

Ocean acidification decreases the precipitation of calcium carbonate and thus will probably affect the cycling of Ca and other nutrients in the ocean.

Why does the burning of fossil fuels cause an imbalance within the carbon cycle? What is the consequence of this imbalance? Include a diagram of the carbon cycle to illustrate your answer.

The two main biological activities in the Ca and Si cycles are the biosynthesis of shells and exoskeletal material as well as the mineralization of these materials in sediments.

Methanogens,among other compounds,use alcohols and fatty acids to synthesize methane gas in anoxic environments.

Which of the following is/are NOT a degradation product of organic material?

What is a characteristic of a deep sea marine cold seep/vent?

Climate scientists are developing methane hydrates to decrease the effects of global warming.

Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas produced by anthropogenic activities.

Which organisms form the foundation of the carbon cycle?

Which compound in fertilizer do farmers use to inhibit the production of easily leached nitrogen compounds?

Lignin is a complex polymer of methoxylated ________ compounds and is present in ________.

The ocean has mitigated the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide production by

Nitrification and anammox both

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Microbial Genomics

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Filters

Lignin is a complex polymer of methoxylated compounds and is present in .