Exam 8: A--Cognition and Language

Often the issues that you have to resolve quickly on a daily basis are complicated and you don't have time to go through every possible solution. You want a "good enough" answer or one that works most of the time. Define the concept of heuristics. In addition, define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.

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Question 1

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Heuristics are strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess.
The availability heuristic is the strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of item indicates how common the item itself is. An example is believing that more individuals die in plane accidents than motor vehicle accidents due to the increased media coverage associated with plane accidents.
The representative heuristic is the assumption that an item that resembles members of some category is probably another member of that category. An example is: an individual is given the description of a person who is an American civil liberties attorney who supports Planned Parenthood. They are then asked whether it is more likely that the person described is a woman or a feminist woman. If the individual selects a feminist woman rather than a woman, they are not considering base rates and are basing their decision on their prototype of a feminist woman.

People who look at real words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word, instead of reading the words themselves. This result is known as the __________.

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Question 2

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Stroop effect

According to the Stroop effect, you would be likely say, "__________" if you were asked to name the color of ink of the word yellow written in blue ink.

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Question 3

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yellow

Strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation are called __________.

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Question 4

Research on the framing effect has demonstrated that people tend to choose the risky strategy when considering gains and avoid taking risks when considering losses.

(True/False)

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Question 5

The word superiority effect refers to the finding that it is easier to read a word that is part of a sentence than to read the same word in isolation.

(True/False)

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Question 6

In decision making, __________ means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

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Question 7

Expert chess players and beginners study a chessboard for five seconds and are then asked to recall the position of the pieces on the board. When the pieces are arranged randomly, experts demonstrate significantly better memory than the beginners.

(True/False)

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Question 8

When experts made predictions about U.S. and world politics over the next several years, their accuracy was generally, and they were confident in their predictions.

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Question 9

Students were asked difficult questions (e.g., How long is the Nile River?) and asked to give a range of answers they were 90% confident included the correct answer. On difficult questions, students tend to be more confident than correct.

(True/False)

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Question 10

__________ is characterized by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans.

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Question 11

Logan suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as __________ aphasia.

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Question 12

Most people identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself. This is known as the __________.

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Question 13

A penguin is a prototype for the category "bird."

(True/False)

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Question 14

Maximizing, means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

(True/False)

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Question 15

The tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phrased) differently is called the __________.

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Question 16

Thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it through a process called __________.

(Short Answer)

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Question 17

__________ a concept gets it started. Reading or hearing one word makes it easier to think or recognize a related word.

(Short Answer)

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Question 18

We often err by accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities. This tendency is the __________.

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Question 19

Thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it through a process called spreading activation.

(True/False)

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Question 20

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Exam 8: A--Cognition and Language

People who look at real words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word, instead of reading the words themselves. This result is known as the __________.

According to the Stroop effect, you would be likely say, "__________" if you were asked to name the color of ink of the word yellow written in blue ink.

Strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation are called __________.

Research on the framing effect has demonstrated that people tend to choose the risky strategy when considering gains and avoid taking risks when considering losses.

The word superiority effect refers to the finding that it is easier to read a word that is part of a sentence than to read the same word in isolation.

In decision making, __________ means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

Expert chess players and beginners study a chessboard for five seconds and are then asked to recall the position of the pieces on the board. When the pieces are arranged randomly, experts demonstrate significantly better memory than the beginners.

When experts made predictions about U.S. and world politics over the next several years, their accuracy was generally__________, and they were __________ confident in their predictions.

Students were asked difficult questions (e.g., How long is the Nile River?) and asked to give a range of answers they were 90% confident included the correct answer. On difficult questions, students tend to be more confident than correct.

__________ is characterized by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans.

Logan suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result has a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using and understanding grammatical devices. This condition is known as __________ aphasia.

Most people identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself. This is known as the __________.

A penguin is a prototype for the category "bird."

Maximizing, means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

The tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phrased) differently is called the __________.

Thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it through a process called __________.

__________ a concept gets it started. Reading or hearing one word makes it easier to think or recognize a related word.

We often err by accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities. This tendency is the __________.

Thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it through a process called spreading activation.

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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When experts made predictions about U.S. and world politics over the next several years, their accuracy was generally, and they were confident in their predictions.