Question 1

The research on teaching language to bonobos suggests that language learning is probably most successful if

Accepted Answer

A)  training begins at an early age and proceeds mostly by imitation. 
B)  training begins at an early age and relies mostly on classical conditioning. 
C)  training begins at an early age and relies mostly on Skinnerian reinforcement. 
D)  training waits until the learner is a couple years old, and uses a variety of techniques. 
A)  training begins at an early age and proceeds mostly by imitation. 
B)  training begins at an early age and relies mostly on classical conditioning. 
C)  training begins at an early age and relies mostly on Skinnerian reinforcement. 
D)  training waits until the learner is a couple years old, and uses a variety of techniques. A

Question 2

Which task is more difficult for an experienced reader to perform than it is for someone just learning to read?

Accepted Answer

A)  Look at the names of colors written in different colors and say the color of each word, rather than the word itself. 
B)  Look at a word flashed on the screen and identify the whole word. 
C)  Look at two complex pictures flashed on the screen and say whether or not they were the same. 
D)  Look at a series of words and identify the one that is written right to left instead of left to right. 
A)  Look at the names of colors written in different colors and say the color of each word, rather than the word itself. 
B)  Look at a word flashed on the screen and identify the whole word. 
C)  Look at two complex pictures flashed on the screen and say whether or not they were the same. 
D)  Look at a series of words and identify the one that is written right to left instead of left to right. A

Question 3

Research on the effects of developing an expertise suggests that the longer that someone has been a London taxi driver, the larger the ____, which is important for ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebellum; spatial memory 
B)  occipital lobe; map learning 
C)  hippocampus; map learning 
D)  hippocampus; spatial memory 
A)  cerebellum; spatial memory 
B)  occipital lobe; map learning 
C)  hippocampus; map learning 
D)  hippocampus; spatial memory D

Question 4

In one study, students watched an experimenter fill two jars with sugar. They were then given two labels and instructed to put whichever label they wanted on each jar; one of the labels said "sucrose, table sugar" and the other said "not sodium cyanide, not poison." Later, when making Kool Aid, most subjects used the sugar from the jar labeled __________. These results are consistent with the idea that people __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  "sucrose, table sugar"...have difficulty understanding negatives 
B)  "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...rely on confirmation that things are safe 
C)  "sucrose, table sugar"...saw the experimenter fill this jar 
D)  "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...often believe that experimenters use reverse psychology 
A)  "sucrose, table sugar"...have difficulty understanding negatives 
B)  "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...rely on confirmation that things are safe 
C)  "sucrose, table sugar"...saw the experimenter fill this jar 
D)  "not sodium cyanide, not poison"...often believe that experimenters use reverse psychology

Question 5

Research indicates that becoming an expert on something requires

Accepted Answer

A)  inborn talent specific to the area of expertise. 
B)  overall intelligence in the top 1%. 
C)  an unusual degree of emotional stability. 
D)  about 10 years of concentrated practice. 
A)  inborn talent specific to the area of expertise. 
B)  overall intelligence in the top 1%. 
C)  an unusual degree of emotional stability. 
D)  about 10 years of concentrated practice.

Question 6

How many phonemes are in the word "thoughtfully"?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  7 
D)  12 
A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  7 
D)  12

Question 7

One factor that sets a limit on the maximum information a speed reader can absorb in a given amount of time is that

Accepted Answer

A)  reading more than 4 words per second causes fatigue of neurons in the visual cortex. 
B)  reading more than 4 words per second causes fatigue of the eye muscles. 
C)  it is impossible to read faster than the muscles of speech can produce the equivalent sounds. 
D)  a person can read only about 11 characters in each fixation of the eyes. 
A)  reading more than 4 words per second causes fatigue of neurons in the visual cortex. 
B)  reading more than 4 words per second causes fatigue of the eye muscles. 
C)  it is impossible to read faster than the muscles of speech can produce the equivalent sounds. 
D)  a person can read only about 11 characters in each fixation of the eyes.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of base-rate information?

Accepted Answer

A)  The population consists of 10,000 mosquitoes and 2 rare kwiny bugs 
B)  The kwiny bug looks like a mosquito except it is a bit bigger 
C)  The mosquito flies a bit faster than the kwiny bug 
D)  A particular specimen looks exactly like a kwiny bug 
A)  The population consists of 10,000 mosquitoes and 2 rare kwiny bugs 
B)  The kwiny bug looks like a mosquito except it is a bit bigger 
C)  The mosquito flies a bit faster than the kwiny bug 
D)  A particular specimen looks exactly like a kwiny bug

Question 9

When given a comparable choice between a certain outcome and a risky outcome, people generally choose the

Accepted Answer

A)  risky outcome, regardless of whether the situation involves gains or losses. 
B)  certain outcome, regardless of whether the situation involves gains or losses. 
C)  risky outcome if the situation involves gains; certain outcome if the situation involves losses. 
D)  certain outcome if the situation involves gains; risky outcome if the situation involves losses. 
A)  risky outcome, regardless of whether the situation involves gains or losses. 
B)  certain outcome, regardless of whether the situation involves gains or losses. 
C)  risky outcome if the situation involves gains; certain outcome if the situation involves losses. 
D)  certain outcome if the situation involves gains; risky outcome if the situation involves losses.

Question 10

What is the typical age at which a baby says his or her first word?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 month 
B)  6 months 
C)  1 year 
D)  2 years 
A)  1 month 
B)  6 months 
C)  1 year 
D)  2 years

Question 11

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is

Accepted Answer

A)  to have a better-than-average memory and overall intelligence. 
B)  to be born with a brain specially adapted to the field. 
C)  a well-rounded personality. 
D)  about ten years of careful practice. 
A)  to have a better-than-average memory and overall intelligence. 
B)  to be born with a brain specially adapted to the field. 
C)  a well-rounded personality. 
D)  about ten years of careful practice.

Question 12

Movie directors discovered that they can film different parts of the same scene on different days, and most viewers would not detect that the extras (background actors) had changed clothes or appearance. Psychologists call this failure to notice such differences

Accepted Answer

A)  priming. 
B)  the attentional blink. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  the Stroop effect. 
A)  priming. 
B)  the attentional blink. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  the Stroop effect.

Question 13

People who look at real words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word, instead of reading the words themselves. This result is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  word-superiority effect. 
C)  availability heuristic. 
D)  representativeness heuristic. 
A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  word-superiority effect. 
C)  availability heuristic. 
D)  representativeness heuristic.

Question 14

How many morphemes are in the word "thoughtfully"?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  7 
D)  120 
A)  1 
B)  3 
C)  7 
D)  120

Question 15

Several studies have compared the ability of expert chess players and beginners to memorize the positions of chess pieces arranged in various ways on the board. Which general conclusion do psychologists draw from the results of those studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  People who become experts must develop greater reasoning abilities, because their memory differs in no way from that of beginners. 
B)  People who become experts in any field are likely to be worse than average at skills unrelated to that field. 
C)  An important part of expertise is the ability to recognize complex, familiar patterns. 
D)  Only people with a superior overall memory are likely to become experts at any skill. 
A)  People who become experts must develop greater reasoning abilities, because their memory differs in no way from that of beginners. 
B)  People who become experts in any field are likely to be worse than average at skills unrelated to that field. 
C)  An important part of expertise is the ability to recognize complex, familiar patterns. 
D)  Only people with a superior overall memory are likely to become experts at any skill.

Question 16

Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to your tendency to respond to or to remember some stimuli more than others at any given time.

Accepted Answer

A)  perception 
B)  attention 
C)  preattentive process 
D)  cognition 
A)  perception 
B)  attention 
C)  preattentive process 
D)  cognition

Question 17

Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devoted enormous time and effort to teach his three daughters chess. What was he attempting to demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  that expertise is something people are born with 
B)  that expertise is possible in almost anyone, given sufficient effort 
C)  that spatial skills in females are better than spatial skills in males 
D)  that massed practice leads to faster learning than spaced practice 
A)  that expertise is something people are born with 
B)  that expertise is possible in almost anyone, given sufficient effort 
C)  that spatial skills in females are better than spatial skills in males 
D)  that massed practice leads to faster learning than spaced practice

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bilingual children?

Accepted Answer

A)  They believe that each object has two and only two names 
B)  They take longer to master two languages 
C)  They benefit from being able to read a greater variety of literature 
D)  They show greater cognitive flexibility 
A)  They believe that each object has two and only two names 
B)  They take longer to master two languages 
C)  They benefit from being able to read a greater variety of literature 
D)  They show greater cognitive flexibility

Question 19

Research by cognitive psychologists has found that people who make a career of predicting events in world politics (news analysts, government officials, talk-show hosts, etc.)

Accepted Answer

A)  are most accurate if they adhere consistently to the views of one or another political party. 
B)  make predictions that are, in general, not very accurate. 
C)  have risen to their current positions because they have an innate talent for analyzing complex political situations. 
D)  base their predictions on simple mathematical formulas that other people can easily learn to use. 
A)  are most accurate if they adhere consistently to the views of one or another political party. 
B)  make predictions that are, in general, not very accurate. 
C)  have risen to their current positions because they have an innate talent for analyzing complex political situations. 
D)  base their predictions on simple mathematical formulas that other people can easily learn to use.

Question 20

According to the conceptual network approach, we learn that a canary is a kind of bird, which is a kind of animal. We also learn the distinctive characteristics of canaries, birds, and animals. What evidence supports this view?

Accepted Answer

A)  People deal with many categories that are not clearly defined, such as "shore birds." 
B)  People answer fast when asked whether a canary is yellow and slowly when asked whether a canary has skin. 
C)  People who answer (correctly) that a canary has skin are likely also to (incorrectly) that a canary has hair. 
D)  People have trouble answering questions about kinds of birds that they have not personally seen. 
A)  People deal with many categories that are not clearly defined, such as "shore birds." 
B)  People answer fast when asked whether a canary is yellow and slowly when asked whether a canary has skin. 
C)  People who answer (correctly) that a canary has skin are likely also to (incorrectly) that a canary has hair. 
D)  People have trouble answering questions about kinds of birds that they have not personally seen.

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

The research on teaching language to bonobos suggests that language learning is probably most successful if

Which task is more difficult for an experienced reader to perform than it is for someone just learning to read?

Research on the effects of developing an expertise suggests that the longer that someone has been a London taxi driver, the larger the ____, which is important for ____.

Research indicates that becoming an expert on something requires

How many phonemes are in the word "thoughtfully"?

One factor that sets a limit on the maximum information a speed reader can absorb in a given amount of time is that

Which of the following is an example of base-rate information?

When given a comparable choice between a certain outcome and a risky outcome, people generally choose the

What is the typical age at which a baby says his or her first word?

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is

Movie directors discovered that they can film different parts of the same scene on different days, and most viewers would not detect that the extras (background actors) had changed clothes or appearance. Psychologists call this failure to notice such differences

People who look at real words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word, instead of reading the words themselves. This result is known as the

How many morphemes are in the word "thoughtfully"?

Several studies have compared the ability of expert chess players and beginners to memorize the positions of chess pieces arranged in various ways on the board. Which general conclusion do psychologists draw from the results of those studies?

Psychologists use the term __________ to refer to your tendency to respond to or to remember some stimuli more than others at any given time.

Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devoted enormous time and effort to teach his three daughters chess. What was he attempting to demonstrate?

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of bilingual children?

Research by cognitive psychologists has found that people who make a career of predicting events in world politics (news analysts, government officials, talk-show hosts, etc.)

According to the conceptual network approach, we learn that a canary is a kind of bird, which is a kind of animal. We also learn the distinctive characteristics of canaries, birds, and animals. What evidence supports this view?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

Research on the effects of developing an expertise suggests that the longer that someone has been a London taxi driver, the larger the , which is important for .