Exam 2: A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

After defining the variables involved in a study, scientists have to identify individuals to study. The population is the group of individuals to whom we hope our conclusions will apply. Researchers generally hope that their conclusions will apply to a large population, such as all 5-year-olds or all people with schizophrenia. Because it is not practical to examine everyone in the population, researchers study a sample of people and assume that the results for the sample apply to the whole population. Briefly define the following types of samples and give one example for each; convenience sample, representative sample, random sample, and cross cultural sample.

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Question 1

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Convenience Sample: a group chosen because of its ease of study. An example is the use of lab rats to study maze learning
Representative Sample: closely resembles the population in its percentage of males and females, Blacks and Whites, young and old, city dwellers and farmers, or other characteristics are likely to affect the results. An example is recruiting individuals that resemble the population in terms of highest grade completed.
Random Sample: every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Example: to study the sleeping patterns of preschoolers in Austin, TX, an investigator might get a listing of all preschools in the city, select a certain number of preschools at random, and randomly choose one preschooler from each of those preschools.
Cross-Cultural Sample: groups of people from at least two cultures. Example: to study the assignment of domestic responsibilities in a household, researchers may want to study families in Mexico and in the United States.

The word science derives from a Latin word meaning ____________________.

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Question 2

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knowledge

Participants in an experiment are often kept blind about the condition to which they have been assigned. This will help prevent ____________________.

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Question 3

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demand characteristics

The ____________________ is the sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores.

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Question 4

When we are looking at small trends in the data, researchers use a meta-analysis.

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Question 5

Professor Smith conducts a study, and he finds that his results are not statistically significant. This means that Professor Smith must conclude that his hypothesis was wrong.

(True/False)

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Question 6

The ____________________ is the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected.

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Question 7

The ganzfeld procedure is one demonstration of psychic abilities that has consistently been replicated in the laboratory.

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Question 8

A mother is attempting to minimize the number of times that her toddler pulls on his kitty's tail. She wants to assess whether different types of discipline have any effect on his behavior. For three weeks during the month, the mother gives the toddler one week of one specific type of discipline. One week the toddler receives time outs, one week he has a toy taken away, and one week he is told to clean the kitty's bowl for each kitty tail pull. At the end of each week, the mother tallies up the number of kitty tail pulls for the week. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.

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Question 9

Sometimes an inert pill is given to experimental participants, but they are told that the pill is effective. This pill is called a ____________________.

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Question 10

Mathematical summaries of results are known as ____________________.

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Question 11

If an increase in one variable is not associated with any consistent increase or decrease in a second variable, then the correlation between the two variables is ____________________. or

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Question 12

A ____________________ involves selecting so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen.

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Question 13

To say that a theory is ____________________ is to say that it makes simple, acceptable assumptions.

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Question 14

The goal of scientific research is to establish comprehensive explanations of observable events. These explanations are called ____________________.

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Question 15

Dr. Jones finds a correlation of +.5 between variables A and B. Dr. Jones can logically conclude that changes in variable A caused the changes observed in variable B.

(True/False)

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Question 16

____________________ is a highly desirable feature of a scientific study.

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Question 17

Demand characteristics can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure.

(True/False)

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Question 18

If every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample, the sample is said to be a/an ____________________ sample.

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Question 19

A ____________________ is the entire group of individuals to be considered.

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Question 20

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Exam 2: A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

The word science derives from a Latin word meaning ____________________.

Participants in an experiment are often kept blind about the condition to which they have been assigned. This will help prevent ____________________.

The ____________________ is the sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores.

When we are looking at small trends in the data, researchers use a meta-analysis.

Professor Smith conducts a study, and he finds that his results are not statistically significant. This means that Professor Smith must conclude that his hypothesis was wrong.

The ____________________ is the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected.

The ganzfeld procedure is one demonstration of psychic abilities that has consistently been replicated in the laboratory.

Sometimes an inert pill is given to experimental participants, but they are told that the pill is effective. This pill is called a ____________________.

Mathematical summaries of results are known as ____________________.

If an increase in one variable is not associated with any consistent increase or decrease in a second variable, then the correlation between the two variables is ____________________. or

A ____________________ involves selecting so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen.

To say that a theory is ____________________ is to say that it makes simple, acceptable assumptions.

The goal of scientific research is to establish comprehensive explanations of observable events. These explanations are called ____________________.

Dr. Jones finds a correlation of +.5 between variables A and B. Dr. Jones can logically conclude that changes in variable A caused the changes observed in variable B.

____________________ is a highly desirable feature of a scientific study.

Demand characteristics can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure.

If every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample, the sample is said to be a/an ____________________ sample.

A ____________________ is the entire group of individuals to be considered.

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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