Question 1

If antibody is uniformly distributed in a gel and antigen is added to a well cut into the gel,the process is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  single diffusion. 
B)  double diffusion. 
C)  immunofixation. 
D)  retrodiffusion. 
A)  single diffusion. 
B)  double diffusion. 
C)  immunofixation. 
D)  retrodiffusion. A

Question 2

The process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibody is present is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization. 
B)  precipitation. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  flocculation. 
A)  sensitization. 
B)  precipitation. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  flocculation. C

Question 3

Which best characterizes agglutination inhibition reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  The antigen is naturally expressed on particles. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  No agglutination indicates a positive result. 
A)  The antigen is naturally expressed on particles. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  No agglutination indicates a positive result. D

Question 4

The AFFINITY of antigen-antibody binding is influenced by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  How well the antigen fits into the binding site on Fab 
B)  The number of Fab sites on the immunoglobulin 
C)  The number of antigens in the reaction 
D)  The charge distribution on Fc 
A)  How well the antigen fits into the binding site on Fab 
B)  The number of Fab sites on the immunoglobulin 
C)  The number of antigens in the reaction 
D)  The charge distribution on Fc

Question 5

If the concentration of free antibody (Ab)= 3 mol/L,the concentration of free antigen (Ag)= 2 mol/L,and the concentration of antigen-antibody complex = 6 mol/L,then the equilibrium constant K equals:

Accepted Answer

A)  1. 
B)  2. 
C)  4. 
D)  9. 
A)  1. 
B)  2. 
C)  4. 
D)  9.

Question 6

The end-point radial immunodiffusion assay:

Accepted Answer

A)  is read after antigen-antibody equivalence is reached. 
B)  is the most rapid immunodiffusion method. 
C)  requires only a negative control for interpretation. 
D)  can be converted to a kinetic method by application of electrical current. 
A)  is read after antigen-antibody equivalence is reached. 
B)  is the most rapid immunodiffusion method. 
C)  requires only a negative control for interpretation. 
D)  can be converted to a kinetic method by application of electrical current.

Question 7

The law of mass action states that:

Accepted Answer

A)  any free reactants will rapidly bind together. 
B)  the number of antibody binding sites must equal the number of antigen binding sites. 
C)  free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants. 
D)  the rate of binding equals the rate of dissociation. 
A)  any free reactants will rapidly bind together. 
B)  the number of antibody binding sites must equal the number of antigen binding sites. 
C)  free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants. 
D)  the rate of binding equals the rate of dissociation.

Question 8

Rate nephelometry measures the change in what factor over time?

Accepted Answer

A)  Antigen concentration 
B)  Antibody concentration 
C)  Antigen breakdown 
D)  Antigen-antibody complex formation 
A)  Antigen concentration 
B)  Antibody concentration 
C)  Antigen breakdown 
D)  Antigen-antibody complex formation

Question 9

A serological reaction is set up in which the antigen is bound to a large carrier,the antibody is soluble,and the antigen and carrier bind and form an insoluble complex that is detected macroscopically.What type of assay is described?

Accepted Answer

A)  Precipitation 
B)  Agglutination 
C)  Flocculation 
D)  Neutralization 
A)  Precipitation 
B)  Agglutination 
C)  Flocculation 
D)  Neutralization

Question 10

If an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion pattern shows an arc between antigens A and B with an extended line pointing to antigen B,this indicates that the antigens:

Accepted Answer

A)  are identical. 
B)  are entirely different. 
C)  share a common epitope, with A being a more complex antigen. 
D)  share a common epitope, with B being a more complex antigen. 
A)  are identical. 
B)  are entirely different. 
C)  share a common epitope, with A being a more complex antigen. 
D)  share a common epitope, with B being a more complex antigen.

Question 11

Coombs reagent is used for what purpose?

Accepted Answer

A)  To link small antigens on patient red cells 
B)  To enhance agglutination with IgG-coated red blood cells 
C)  To enhance agglutination with IgM-coated red blood cells 
D)  To cause a precipitation reaction with small amounts of antibody 
A)  To link small antigens on patient red cells 
B)  To enhance agglutination with IgG-coated red blood cells 
C)  To enhance agglutination with IgM-coated red blood cells 
D)  To cause a precipitation reaction with small amounts of antibody

Question 12

When a patient's red blood cells combine with anti-A typing serum to produce a positive result,this reaction is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  passive agglutination. 
B)  reverse passive agglutination. 
C)  hemagglutination. 
D)  flocculation. 
A)  passive agglutination. 
B)  reverse passive agglutination. 
C)  hemagglutination. 
D)  flocculation.

Question 13

Which of the following is characteristic of a passive agglutination test?

Accepted Answer

A)  The antigen is naturally found on particles. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  The antigen-antibody reaction is competitive (no agglutination indicates a positive result). 
A)  The antigen is naturally found on particles. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  The antigen-antibody reaction is competitive (no agglutination indicates a positive result).

Question 14

The measurement of light scattered at an angle by the antigen-antibody complexes in a solution is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  turbidimetry. 
B)  nephelometry. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  equivalency. 
A)  turbidimetry. 
B)  nephelometry. 
C)  agglutination. 
D)  equivalency.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of a reverse agglutination test?

Accepted Answer

A)  The antigen is a natural particle. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  The antigen-antibody reaction is competitive (no agglutination indicates a positive result). 
A)  The antigen is a natural particle. 
B)  Antigen molecules are artificially bound to particles. 
C)  Antibody is attached to particles. 
D)  The antigen-antibody reaction is competitive (no agglutination indicates a positive result).

Question 16

The visibility of an agglutination reaction involving IgG can be enhanced by adjusting which factor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Changing to a colder temperature 
B)  Diluting out the particulate antigen 
C)  Decreasing the light to read the reaction 
D)  Adding anti-human Fc 
A)  Changing to a colder temperature 
B)  Diluting out the particulate antigen 
C)  Decreasing the light to read the reaction 
D)  Adding anti-human Fc

Question 17

Which antibody class may require the use of an enhancement technique to visualize the reaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgM 
B)  IgG 
C)  IgA 
D)  IgE 
A)  IgM 
B)  IgG 
C)  IgA 
D)  IgE

Question 18

The assembly of particles into visible clumps is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  precipitation. 
B)  agglutination. 
C)  equivalence. 
D)  sensitization. 
A)  precipitation. 
B)  agglutination. 
C)  equivalence. 
D)  sensitization.

Question 19

If an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion pattern shows an arc equidistant between antigens A and B,this indicates that the antigens:

Accepted Answer

A)  are identical. 
B)  are entirely different. 
C)  share a common epitope, with A being a more complex antigen. 
D)  share a common epitope, with B being a more complex antigen. 
A)  are identical. 
B)  are entirely different. 
C)  share a common epitope, with A being a more complex antigen. 
D)  share a common epitope, with B being a more complex antigen.

Question 20

The production of insoluble complexes that absorb or scatter light but are too small to see directly is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  precipitation. 
B)  agglutination. 
C)  equivalence. 
D)  sensitization. 
A)  precipitation. 
B)  agglutination. 
C)  equivalence. 
D)  sensitization.

Exam 10: Precipitation and Agglutination Reactions

If antibody is uniformly distributed in a gel and antigen is added to a well cut into the gel,the process is called:

The process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibody is present is called:

Which best characterizes agglutination inhibition reactions?

The AFFINITY of antigen-antibody binding is influenced by which of the following?

If the concentration of free antibody (Ab)= 3 mol/L,the concentration of free antigen (Ag)= 2 mol/L,and the concentration of antigen-antibody complex = 6 mol/L,then the equilibrium constant K equals:

The end-point radial immunodiffusion assay:

The law of mass action states that:

Rate nephelometry measures the change in what factor over time?

A serological reaction is set up in which the antigen is bound to a large carrier,the antibody is soluble,and the antigen and carrier bind and form an insoluble complex that is detected macroscopically.What type of assay is described?

If an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion pattern shows an arc between antigens A and B with an extended line pointing to antigen B,this indicates that the antigens:

Coombs reagent is used for what purpose?

When a patient's red blood cells combine with anti-A typing serum to produce a positive result,this reaction is known as:

Which of the following is characteristic of a passive agglutination test?

The measurement of light scattered at an angle by the antigen-antibody complexes in a solution is called:

Which of the following is true of a reverse agglutination test?

The visibility of an agglutination reaction involving IgG can be enhanced by adjusting which factor?

Which antibody class may require the use of an enhancement technique to visualize the reaction?

The assembly of particles into visible clumps is called:

If an Ouchterlony immunodiffusion pattern shows an arc equidistant between antigens A and B,this indicates that the antigens:

The production of insoluble complexes that absorb or scatter light but are too small to see directly is called:

Introduction to Immunity and the Immune System

Nature of Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Antibody Structure and Function

Cytokines

Complement System

Safety and Quality Management

Principles of Serological Testing

Labeled Immunoassays

Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

Flow Cytometry and Laboratory Automation

Hypersensitivity

Autoimmunity

Transplantation Immunology

Tumor Immunology

Immunoproliferative Diseases

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Serological and Molecular Detection of Bacterial Infections

Spirochete Diseases

Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Parasitic and Fungal Infections

Serology and Molecular Detection of Viral Infections

Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection

Immunization and Vaccines

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