Exam 9: Section 3: Lifespan Development

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Studies examining the impact of early stress in humans have shown that childhood stress or adversity can cause distinct epigenetic changes in brain tissue.

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The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social and cultural factors on cognitive development.

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In late adulthood, the majority of older adults live healthy, active, and self-sufficient lives.

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In late adulthood, neurons appear to become more efficient at communicating with one another and this seems to result in increased cognitive performance.

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Carol Gilligan's main criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that it reflects a male perspective that may not accurately depict the development of moral reasoning in women.

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The last areas of the brain to mature are the parietal lobes, which are involved in language, reasoning, and motivation.

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Piaget's theory has been criticized for overestimating the cognitive abilities of infants and young children.

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In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning the preconventional level is characterized by moral reasoning based on self-interest and on avoiding punishment and maximizing personal gain.

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