Question 1

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests,he will receive good grades.This suggests that associative learning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  intrinsic motivation. 
D)  instinctive drift. 
A)  modeling. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  intrinsic motivation. 
D)  instinctive drift.

Question 2

Whacking the water to boost feeding success became increasingly common among humpback whales observed over a 22-year period.This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  taste aversion 
D)  instinctive drift. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  taste aversion 
D)  instinctive drift.

Question 3

When chemotherapy in a clinic triggers nausea,cancer patients may develop a nausea response to the sights,sounds,and smells associated with the clinic.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  observational learning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 4

Pavlov and Watson ________ the impact of biological constraints on classical conditioning and they ________ the impact of cognitive processes on classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  underestimated;overestimated 
B)  overestimated;underestimated 
C)  underestimated;underestimated 
D)  overestimated;overestimated 
A)  underestimated;overestimated 
B)  overestimated;underestimated 
C)  underestimated;underestimated 
D)  overestimated;overestimated

Question 5

If a shock is always preceded by a tone,and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone,a rat will react

Accepted Answer

A)  with no fear either to the tone or to the light. 
B)  with fear to the tone but not to the light. 
C)  with fear to the light but not to the tone. 
D)  with equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light. 
A)  with no fear either to the tone or to the light. 
B)  with fear to the tone but not to the light. 
C)  with fear to the light but not to the tone. 
D)  with equally high levels of fear both to the tone and to the light.

Question 6

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive maps 
B)  fixed-interval schedules 
C)  mirror neurons 
D)  extrinsic motives 
A)  cognitive maps 
B)  fixed-interval schedules 
C)  mirror neurons 
D)  extrinsic motives

Question 7

Pigs trained to pick up large wooden coins subsequently delayed receiving a food reinforcer because they would repeatedly drop and push the coins with their snouts.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  modeling. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 8

The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others being rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of

Accepted Answer

A)  prosocial behavior. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  intrinsic motivation. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement. 
A)  prosocial behavior. 
B)  operant conditioning. 
C)  intrinsic motivation. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement.

Question 9

Experimental research on the effects of viewing media violence indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. 
B)  exposure to media violence can cause increased levels of aggression. 
C)  there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. 
D)  although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression,there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression. 
A)  viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. 
B)  exposure to media violence can cause increased levels of aggression. 
C)  there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. 
D)  although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression,there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression.

Question 10

Evidence that organisms most readily learn behaviors favored by natural selection best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  biological constraints. 
A)  vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  biological constraints.

Question 11

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimuli 
B)  associative learning 
C)  conditioned stimuli 
D)  private thought processes 
A)  unconditioned stimuli 
B)  associative learning 
C)  conditioned stimuli 
D)  private thought processes

Question 12

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class,Evie started asking questions in class.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement. 
A)  a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement.

Question 13

When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child,Adam also discontinued hitting other children.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  intrinsic motivation. 
A)  latent learning. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 14

Children often imitate behaviors seen in the media.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  fixed-interval reinforcement schedules. 
A)  modeling. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  fixed-interval reinforcement schedules.

Exam 22: Operant Conditioning

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests,he will receive good grades.This suggests that associative learning involves

Whacking the water to boost feeding success became increasingly common among humpback whales observed over a 22-year period.This is best explained in terms of

When chemotherapy in a clinic triggers nausea,cancer patients may develop a nausea response to the sights,sounds,and smells associated with the clinic.This best illustrates

Pavlov and Watson ________ the impact of biological constraints on classical conditioning and they ________ the impact of cognitive processes on classical conditioning.

If a shock is always preceded by a tone,and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone,a rat will react

Which of the following are thought to become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?

Pigs trained to pick up large wooden coins subsequently delayed receiving a food reinforcer because they would repeatedly drop and push the coins with their snouts.This best illustrates

The tendency to engage in behaviors that we observe others being rewarded for performing best illustrates the influence of

Experimental research on the effects of viewing media violence indicates that

Evidence that organisms most readily learn behaviors favored by natural selection best illustrates the importance of

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class,Evie started asking questions in class.This best illustrates the impact of

When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child,Adam also discontinued hitting other children.This best illustrates the impact of

Children often imitate behaviors seen in the media.This best illustrates the impact of

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

Pavlov and Watson the impact of biological constraints on classical conditioning and they the impact of cognitive processes on classical conditioning.