Question 1

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise,operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you

Accepted Answer

A)  specify your exercise goals and how you plan to achieve them. 
B)  congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals. 
C)  never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals. 
D)  avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period. 
A)  specify your exercise goals and how you plan to achieve them. 
B)  congratulate yourself even when you fail to fulfill your specific exercise goals. 
C)  never reward yourself with a light snack after achieving specific exercise goals. 
D)  avoid trying to keep track of exactly how much you have exercised in a specific weekly period.

Question 2

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. 
B)  primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. 
C)  partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. 
D)  secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement. 
A)  continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement. 
B)  primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement. 
C)  partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement. 
D)  secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement.

Question 3

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store.At first her mother granted every request,but now she does so less consistently.Research suggests that Della will

Accepted Answer

A)  soon give up asking for a treat entirely. 
B)  come to ask for a treat only occasionally. 
C)  continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. 
D)  ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out,even if they don't go to the grocery store. 
A)  soon give up asking for a treat entirely. 
B)  come to ask for a treat only occasionally. 
C)  continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. 
D)  ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out,even if they don't go to the grocery store.

Question 4

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcer;immediate reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer;conditioned reinforcer 
C)  discrimination;generalization 
D)  partial reinforcement;continuous reinforcement 
A)  delayed reinforcer;immediate reinforcer 
B)  primary reinforcer;conditioned reinforcer 
C)  discrimination;generalization 
D)  partial reinforcement;continuous reinforcement

Question 5

When grocery shopping with his mother,4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food.Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

Accepted Answer

A)  threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums. 
B)  offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself. 
C)  continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums. 
D)  return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves. 
A)  threaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrums. 
B)  offer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself. 
C)  continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums. 
D)  return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.

Question 6

Positive punishment ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases;decreases 
B)  decreases;increases 
C)  decreases;decreases 
D)  has no effect on;decreases 
A)  increases;decreases 
B)  decreases;increases 
C)  decreases;decreases 
D)  has no effect on;decreases

Question 7

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  specified time period has elapsed. 
B)  unpredictable time period has elapsed. 
C)  specified number of responses have been made. 
D)  unpredictable number of responses have been made. 
A)  specified time period has elapsed. 
B)  unpredictable time period has elapsed. 
C)  specified number of responses have been made. 
D)  unpredictable number of responses have been made.

Question 8

Respondent behavior is a(n)________ response,whereas operant behavior is a(n)________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned;unconditioned 
B)  conscious;unconscious 
C)  punishing;rewarding 
D)  automatic;voluntary 
A)  conditioned;unconditioned 
B)  conscious;unconscious 
C)  punishing;rewarding 
D)  automatic;voluntary

Question 9

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed 
B)  primary 
C)  positive 
D)  continuous 
A)  fixed 
B)  primary 
C)  positive 
D)  continuous

Question 10

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

Accepted Answer

A)  strengthens 
B)  eliminates 
C)  suppresses but does not eliminate 
D)  has an unpredictable effect on 
A)  strengthens 
B)  eliminates 
C)  suppresses but does not eliminate 
D)  has an unpredictable effect on

Question 11

A positive reinforcer is anything that,when ________ a response,strengthens the response.

Accepted Answer

A)  introduced before 
B)  removed after 
C)  introduced after 
D)  removed before 
A)  introduced before 
B)  removed after 
C)  introduced after 
D)  removed before

Question 12

A discriminative stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  a behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences. 
B)  an event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced. 
C)  a behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. 
D)  an event that strengthens the behavior it follows. 
A)  a behavior that operates on the environment,producing consequences. 
B)  an event or situation signaling that an operant response will be reinforced. 
C)  a behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. 
D)  an event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

Question 13

On Monday,Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes.On Tuesday,she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time.On Wednesday,she gave him cookies only after he played quietly for a full half hour.Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  fixed-ratio scheduling. 
A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  fixed-ratio scheduling.

Question 14

Mr.Byrne can't understand why scolding his seventh-grade students for disruptive classroom behaviors makes them more unruly.Explain Mr.Byrne's predicament in terms of operant conditioning principles.Show how he could use operant conditioning techniques to (a)reduce disruptive behaviors and (b)increase cooperative behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mr.Byrne can't understand why scolding his seventh-grade...

Question 15

Any stimulus that,when presented after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  positive reinforcer. 
D)  negative reinforcer. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  positive reinforcer. 
D)  negative reinforcer.

Question 16

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester.Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 17

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

Accepted Answer

A)  B.F.Skinner. 
B)  Ivan Pavlov. 
C)  John B.Watson. 
D)  Edward L.Thorndike. 
A)  B.F.Skinner. 
B)  Ivan Pavlov. 
C)  John B.Watson. 
D)  Edward L.Thorndike.

Question 18

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  secondary reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  secondary reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 19

Primary reinforcers could best be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimuli. 
B)  conditioned stimuli. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  innately satisfying stimuli. 
A)  discriminative stimuli. 
B)  conditioned stimuli. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  innately satisfying stimuli.

Question 20

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum,the more frequently he loses his temper.In this case,the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcer 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  positive reinforcer 
D)  punishment 
A)  negative reinforcer 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  positive reinforcer 
D)  punishment

Exam 21: Classical Conditioning

To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise,operant behavior specialists are most likely to recommend that you

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store.At first her mother granted every request,but now she does so less consistently.Research suggests that Della will

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

When grocery shopping with his mother,4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food.Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

Positive punishment ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding.

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Respondent behavior is a(n)________ response,whereas operant behavior is a(n)________ response.

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows.

A positive reinforcer is anything that,when ________ a response,strengthens the response.

A discriminative stimulus is

Any stimulus that,when presented after a response,strengthens the response is called a(n)

On the first day of class,Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester.Clearly,studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her $5 weekly allowance.Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language.

Primary reinforcers could best be described as

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum,the more frequently he loses his temper.In this case,the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as is to .

Positive punishment the rate of operant responding,and negative punishment the rate of operant responding.

Respondent behavior is a(n) response,whereas operant behavior is a(n) response.