Question 1

How could you use operant conditioning to condition an adventurous 2-year-old not to run across a busy street near her house?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How could you use operant conditioning to...

Question 2

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior.The procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  secondary conditioning. 
D)  variable-interval scheduling. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  secondary conditioning. 
D)  variable-interval scheduling.

Question 3

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the 6 o'clock evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 4

Compared with continuous reinforcement,intermittent reinforcement is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  slower acquisition and faster extinction. 
B)  faster acquisition and slower extinction. 
C)  faster acquisition and faster extinction. 
D)  slower acquisition and slower extinction. 
A)  slower acquisition and faster extinction. 
B)  faster acquisition and slower extinction. 
C)  faster acquisition and faster extinction. 
D)  slower acquisition and slower extinction.

Question 5

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease;increase 
B)  increase;decrease 
C)  increase;increase 
D)  have no effect on;decrease 
A)  decrease;increase 
B)  increase;decrease 
C)  increase;increase 
D)  have no effect on;decrease

Question 6

Michelle is toilet training her young daughter.The child will probably be most successful with toilet training if Michelle rewards her based on

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus. 
D)  successive approximations. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  a conditioned stimulus. 
D)  successive approximations.

Question 7

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

Accepted Answer

A)  the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors,the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. 
B)  children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary. 
C)  the use of punishment could condition children to fear the teachers and avoid school. 
D)  punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors. 
A)  the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors,the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. 
B)  children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary. 
C)  the use of punishment could condition children to fear the teachers and avoid school. 
D)  punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors.

Question 8

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop.This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-interval scheduling. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  variable-interval scheduling. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping.

Question 9

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face,but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images.By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced,the image of a human face is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  discriminative stimulus. 
D)  primary reinforcer. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  discriminative stimulus. 
D)  primary reinforcer.

Question 10

Most psychologists would advise parents who want to change a child's bad behavior to make use of

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping over modeling. 
B)  reinforcement over punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning over operant conditioning. 
D)  primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers. 
A)  shaping over modeling. 
B)  reinforcement over punishment. 
C)  classical conditioning over operant conditioning. 
D)  primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers.

Question 11

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords,he no longer does so.Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  conditioned reinforcers. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 12

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  positive reinforcement. 
A)  negative punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 13

A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  extinction. 
A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  shaping. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  extinction.

Question 14

A reinforcement is any event that

Accepted Answer

A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits respondent behavior. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response. 
A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits respondent behavior. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response.

Question 15

Cassie did not do her chores today because she was distracted all afternoon by her friends.As a result,her parents gave her extra chores.The extra chores in this example are

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcers. 
B)  positive reinforcers. 
C)  negative punishments. 
D)  positive punishments. 
A)  negative reinforcers. 
B)  positive reinforcers. 
C)  negative punishments. 
D)  positive punishments.

Question 16

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  operant behavior. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  operant behavior.

Question 17

Doug has smoked for five years and has decided to quit.What should he do first?

Accepted Answer

A)  State a realistic goal in measurable terms and announce it. 
B)  Decide how,when,and where you will work toward your goal. 
C)  Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior. 
D)  Reinforce the desired behavior. 
A)  State a realistic goal in measurable terms and announce it. 
B)  Decide how,when,and where you will work toward your goal. 
C)  Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior. 
D)  Reinforce the desired behavior.

Question 18

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage.Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 19

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  partial 
D)  delayed 
A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  partial 
D)  delayed

Question 20

In explaining juvenile delinquency,B.F.Skinner would most likely have emphasized

Accepted Answer

A)  inherited predispositions. 
B)  fear and greed. 
C)  faulty child-raising practices. 
D)  a weak internalized conscience. 
A)  inherited predispositions. 
B)  fear and greed. 
C)  faulty child-raising practices. 
D)  a weak internalized conscience.

Exam 21: Classical Conditioning

How could you use operant conditioning to condition an adventurous 2-year-old not to run across a busy street near her house?

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior.The procedure is known as

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the 6 o'clock evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Compared with continuous reinforcement,intermittent reinforcement is associated with

Positive reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

Michelle is toilet training her young daughter.The child will probably be most successful with toilet training if Michelle rewards her based on

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop.This learning strategy best illustrates the process of

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face,but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images.By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced,the image of a human face is a(n)

Most psychologists would advise parents who want to change a child's bad behavior to make use of

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords,he no longer does so.Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is

A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of

A reinforcement is any event that

Cassie did not do her chores today because she was distracted all afternoon by her friends.As a result,her parents gave her extra chores.The extra chores in this example are

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

Doug has smoked for five years and has decided to quit.What should he do first?

Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage.Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.

In explaining juvenile delinquency,B.F.Skinner would most likely have emphasized

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

Positive reinforcers the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcers the rate of operant responding.