Question 1

Explain the term parasitoid and give an example of organisms that are parasitoid. How do some of these organisms manage to stay in their host?

Accepted Answer

Parasitoids are organisms that lay their

Question 2

How do the antibodies of sharks differ from those of mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) Shark antibodies have a different arrangement of embryonic gene segments. 
B) Shark antibodies are produced without rearrangement of gene segments. 
C) Shark antibodies do not have heavy chains. 
D) Shark antibodies do not have light chains. 
A) Shark antibodies have a different arrangement of embryonic gene segments. 
B) Shark antibodies are produced without rearrangement of gene segments. 
C) Shark antibodies do not have heavy chains. 
D) Shark antibodies do not have light chains.

Question 3

Which leukocytes are central to adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

A) neutrophils 
B) mast cells 
C) eosinophils 
D) lymphocytes 
A) neutrophils 
B) mast cells 
C) eosinophils 
D) lymphocytes

Question 4

Where in the immune system do dendritic cells enter to alert T cells to threats?

Accepted Answer

A) in the liver 
B) in the blood 
C) in the bone marrow 
D) in the lymph nodes 
A) in the liver 
B) in the blood 
C) in the bone marrow 
D) in the lymph nodes

Question 5

Briefly explain three different methods that some pathogens utilize to invade their host.

Accepted Answer

Some pathogens enter the cerebrospinal f

Question 6

Which of the following is an antibody class in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) IgY 
B) IgD 
C) IgI 
D) IgF 
A) IgY 
B) IgD 
C) IgI 
D) IgF

Question 7

Suppose that a girl accidentally steps on an old board and a nail goes through her shoe and skin, causing a deep puncture wound. Which nonspecific defence mechanism will come to her rescue?

Accepted Answer

A) natural killer cells 
B) acidic skin secretions 
C) inflammation 
D) epithelial cells with cilia 
A) natural killer cells 
B) acidic skin secretions 
C) inflammation 
D) epithelial cells with cilia

Question 8

Which of the following have been found infected by Listeria monocytogenes in the past?

Accepted Answer

A) deli meats, cold cuts, hard cheese, and undercooked meats 
B) deli meats, cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, and undercooked meats 
C) deli meats, cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, and overcooked meats 
D) deli meats, cold cuts, hard cheese, and overcooked meats 
A) deli meats, cold cuts, hard cheese, and undercooked meats 
B) deli meats, cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, and undercooked meats 
C) deli meats, cold cuts, soft-ripened cheese, and overcooked meats 
D) deli meats, cold cuts, hard cheese, and overcooked meats

Question 9

What does an antibody molecule consist of?

Accepted Answer

A) a total of four polysaccharide chains 
B) a total of four polypeptide chains 
C) a total of two polysaccharide chains 
D) a total of four phospholipids chains 
A) a total of four polysaccharide chains 
B) a total of four polypeptide chains 
C) a total of two polysaccharide chains 
D) a total of four phospholipids chains

Question 10

-In the figure, which number indicates the region that determines the class of antibody?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 4 
D) 5 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 4 
D) 5

Question 11

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thyroid.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Which statement refers to the mouse?

Accepted Answer

A) Females give birth to offspring about 5 weeks after mating. 
B) Its scientific name is Mus musculus. 
C) It has been used to approve the "inheritance of acquired characters" hypothesis. 
D) Knockout mice are those that carry a lethal allele. 
A) Females give birth to offspring about 5 weeks after mating. 
B) Its scientific name is Mus musculus. 
C) It has been used to approve the "inheritance of acquired characters" hypothesis. 
D) Knockout mice are those that carry a lethal allele.

Question 13

Discuss the phenomena of immunological tolerance and autoimmune disease.

Accepted Answer

Immunological tolerance is the phenomeno

Question 14

Which sentence best describes the function of histamine?

Accepted Answer

A) It reduces tissue swelling. 
B) It causes blood vessels to contract. 
C) It causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries. 
D) It causes capillaries to lose their permeability. 
A) It reduces tissue swelling. 
B) It causes blood vessels to contract. 
C) It causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries. 
D) It causes capillaries to lose their permeability.

Question 15

Which of the following defend against both bacteria and viruses?

Accepted Answer

A) plasma cells 
B) NK cells 
C) interferons 
D) cytotoxic T cells 
A) plasma cells 
B) NK cells 
C) interferons 
D) cytotoxic T cells

Question 16

What do helper T cells secrete, which activate B cells and stimulate their proliferation?

Accepted Answer

A) antibodies 
B) interleukins 
C) allergens 
D) antigens 
A) antibodies 
B) interleukins 
C) allergens 
D) antigens

Question 17

Which statement describes sharks?

Accepted Answer

A) Sharks produce a steroid that appears to neutralize viruses with low efficiency. 
B) Sharks produce antibodies capable of recognizing and binding specific antigens. 
C) Sharks mount specific defences. 
D) Sharks produce a peptide that appears to kill bacteria. 
A) Sharks produce a steroid that appears to neutralize viruses with low efficiency. 
B) Sharks produce antibodies capable of recognizing and binding specific antigens. 
C) Sharks mount specific defences. 
D) Sharks produce a peptide that appears to kill bacteria.

Question 18

What do autoimmune diseases break down in the body?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability of the body to distinguish self from nonself 
B) the ability of the body to produce memory cells 
C) the ability of the body to produce antibodies 
D) the ability of the body to distinguish between harmless and pathogenic microorganisms 
A) the ability of the body to distinguish self from nonself 
B) the ability of the body to produce memory cells 
C) the ability of the body to produce antibodies 
D) the ability of the body to distinguish between harmless and pathogenic microorganisms

Question 19

Match each cell with its description.
-plasma cell

Accepted Answer

A) functions primarily to stimulate an adaptive immune response, but part of the innate immune system 
B) functions in the defence against parasitic worms 
C) differentiates into helper T cell 
D) differentiates into macrophage 
E) differentiates into cytotoxic T cell
F)induces apoptosis in virus-infected cells
G)produces antibodies
H)used to produce monoclonal antibodies
I)kills bacteria and then usually dies
J)releases histamine 
A) functions primarily to stimulate an adaptive immune response, but part of the innate immune system 
B) functions in the defence against parasitic worms 
C) differentiates into helper T cell 
D) differentiates into macrophage 
E) differentiates into cytotoxic T cell
F)induces apoptosis in virus-infected cells
G)produces antibodies
H)used to produce monoclonal antibodies
I)kills bacteria and then usually dies
J)releases histamine

Question 20

Match each cell with its description.
-hybridoma

Accepted Answer

A) functions primarily to stimulate an adaptive immune response, but part of the innate immune system 
B) functions in the defence against parasitic worms 
C) differentiates into helper T cell 
D) differentiates into macrophage 
E) differentiates into cytotoxic T cell
F)induces apoptosis in virus-infected cells
G)produces antibodies
H)used to produce monoclonal antibodies
I)kills bacteria and then usually dies
J)releases histamine 
A) functions primarily to stimulate an adaptive immune response, but part of the innate immune system 
B) functions in the defence against parasitic worms 
C) differentiates into helper T cell 
D) differentiates into macrophage 
E) differentiates into cytotoxic T cell
F)induces apoptosis in virus-infected cells
G)produces antibodies
H)used to produce monoclonal antibodies
I)kills bacteria and then usually dies
J)releases histamine

Exam 51: Defences Against Disease

Explain the term parasitoid and give an example of organisms that are parasitoid. How do some of these organisms manage to stay in their host?

How do the antibodies of sharks differ from those of mammals?

Which leukocytes are central to adaptive immunity?

Where in the immune system do dendritic cells enter to alert T cells to threats?

Briefly explain three different methods that some pathogens utilize to invade their host.

Which of the following is an antibody class in humans?

Suppose that a girl accidentally steps on an old board and a nail goes through her shoe and skin, causing a deep puncture wound. Which nonspecific defence mechanism will come to her rescue?

Which of the following have been found infected by Listeria monocytogenes in the past?

What does an antibody molecule consist of?

-In the figure, which number indicates the region that determines the class of antibody?

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thyroid.

Which statement refers to the mouse?

Discuss the phenomena of immunological tolerance and autoimmune disease.

Which sentence best describes the function of histamine?

Which of the following defend against both bacteria and viruses?

What do helper T cells secrete, which activate B cells and stimulate their proliferation?

Which statement describes sharks?

What do autoimmune diseases break down in the body?

Match each cell with its description. -plasma cell

Match each cell with its description. -hybridoma

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Defining Life and Its Origins

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signalling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Structure and Expression

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes and Proteomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Species and Macroevolution

Understanding the History of Life on Earth

Humans and Evolution

Bacteria and Archaea

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Diversity of Animals 1: Sponges, Radiata, Platyhelminthes, and Protostomes

Diversity of Animals 2: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation of Biodiversity

Putting Selection to Work

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Transport in Animals: the Circulatory System

Reproduction in Animals

Animal Development

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Integration

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Animal Behaviour

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Regulating the Internal Environment

Conservation and Evolutionary Physiology

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