Exam 16: Regression Models for Nonlinear Relationships

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Many non-linear regression models can be studied under the linear regression framework using transformation of the response variable and/or the explanatory variables.

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Exhibit 16-4.The following data shows the cooling temperatures of a freshly brewed cup of coffee after it is poured from the brewing pot into a serving cup.The brewing pot temperature is approximately 180º F;see http://mathbits.com/mathbits/tisection/statistics2/exponential.htm Exhibit 16-4.The following data shows the cooling temperatures of a freshly brewed cup of coffee after it is poured from the brewing pot into a serving cup.The brewing pot temperature is approximately 180º F;see http://mathbits.com/mathbits/tisection/statistics2/exponential.htm   For the assumed exponential model ln(Temp)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Time + ε,the following Excel regression partial output is available.     Refer to Exhibit 16-4.What is the percentage of variations in ln(Temp)explained by Time? For the assumed exponential model ln(Temp)= β0 + β1Time + ε,the following Excel regression partial output is available. Exhibit 16-4.The following data shows the cooling temperatures of a freshly brewed cup of coffee after it is poured from the brewing pot into a serving cup.The brewing pot temperature is approximately 180º F;see http://mathbits.com/mathbits/tisection/statistics2/exponential.htm   For the assumed exponential model ln(Temp)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Time + ε,the following Excel regression partial output is available.     Refer to Exhibit 16-4.What is the percentage of variations in ln(Temp)explained by Time? Exhibit 16-4.The following data shows the cooling temperatures of a freshly brewed cup of coffee after it is poured from the brewing pot into a serving cup.The brewing pot temperature is approximately 180º F;see http://mathbits.com/mathbits/tisection/statistics2/exponential.htm   For the assumed exponential model ln(Temp)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Time + ε,the following Excel regression partial output is available.     Refer to Exhibit 16-4.What is the percentage of variations in ln(Temp)explained by Time? Refer to Exhibit 16-4.What is the percentage of variations in ln(Temp)explained by Time?

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For the logarithmic model y = β0 + β1ln(x)+ ε,the predicted value of y is computed by:

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The fit of the models y = β0 + β1x + ε and y = β0 + β1ln(x)+ ε can be compared using the coefficient of determination R2.

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Given the data on y and x,what is needed to run Excel regression for the polynomial model of order 3?

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The log-log and exponential models,ln(y)= β0 + β1ln(x)+ ε and ln(y)= β0 + β1x + ε,were used to fit given data on y and x,and the following table summarizes the regression results.Which of the two models provides a better fit? The log-log and exponential models,ln(y)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(x)+ ε and ln(y)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>x + ε,were used to fit given data on y and x,and the following table summarizes the regression results.Which of the two models provides a better fit?

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Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the estimate of the variance of the random error ε provided by the regression equation with the best fit? Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the estimate of the variance of the random error ε provided by the regression equation with the best fit?

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Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region. Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Which of the two models provides a better fit? Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β0 + β1PepsiPrice + β2ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β0 + β1ln(PepsiPrice)+ β2ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows: Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Which of the two models provides a better fit? (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Which of the two models provides a better fit?

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Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the value of the test statistic for testing H<sub>0</sub>: β<sub>2</sub> = β<sub>3</sub> = 0 against H<sub>A</sub>: β<sub>2</sub> ≠ 0 or β<sub>3</sub> ≠ 0 in the model Debt = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Age + β<sub>2</sub>Age<sup>2</sup>+ β<sub>3</sub>Age<sup>3</sup> + ε? Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the value of the test statistic for testing H0: β2 = β3 = 0 against HA: β2 ≠ 0 or β3 ≠ 0 in the model Debt = β0 + β1Age + β2Age2+ β3Age3 + ε?

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Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region. Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Using the estimated log-log model,calculate the predicted sales of Pepsi when the Pepsi price is $1.50 and the Cola price is $1.25. Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β0 + β1PepsiPrice + β2ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β0 + β1ln(PepsiPrice)+ β2ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows: Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Using the estimated log-log model,calculate the predicted sales of Pepsi when the Pepsi price is $1.50 and the Cola price is $1.25. Refer to Exhibit 16.7.Using the estimated log-log model,calculate the predicted sales of Pepsi when the Pepsi price is $1.50 and the Cola price is $1.25.

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Exhibit 16.5.The following data shows the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket. Exhibit 16.5.The following data shows the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models,Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2</sup> + β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3</sup> + ε and ln(Demand)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price)+ ε,the following regression results are available:   Refer to Exhibit 16.5.What does the slope of the obtained regression equation   signify? For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models,Demand = β0 + β1Price + β2Price2 + β3Price3 + ε and ln(Demand)= β0 + β1ln(Price)+ ε,the following regression results are available: Exhibit 16.5.The following data shows the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models,Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2</sup> + β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3</sup> + ε and ln(Demand)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price)+ ε,the following regression results are available:   Refer to Exhibit 16.5.What does the slope of the obtained regression equation   signify? Refer to Exhibit 16.5.What does the slope of the obtained regression equation Exhibit 16.5.The following data shows the demand for an airline ticket dependent on the price of this ticket.   For the assumed cubic and log-log regression models,Demand = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>Price + β<sub>2</sub>Price<sup>2</sup> + β<sub>3</sub>Price<sup>3</sup> + ε and ln(Demand)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(Price)+ ε,the following regression results are available:   Refer to Exhibit 16.5.What does the slope of the obtained regression equation   signify? signify?

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The equation y = β0 + β1x + β2x2 + ε is called a cubic regression model.

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Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region. Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the percentage of variations in the sales of Pepsi explained by the estimated log-log model? Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β0 + β1PepsiPrice + β2ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β0 + β1ln(PepsiPrice)+ β2ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows: Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the percentage of variations in the sales of Pepsi explained by the estimated log-log model? (Use Excel. )Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the percentage of variations in the sales of Pepsi explained by the estimated log-log model?

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A model in which the response variable is transformed into its natural logarithm is called a(n)_____.

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Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers. Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers.   Refer to Exhibit 16.1.For which value of Hires the predicted Productivity is maximized (Do not round to the nearest integer. )? Refer to Exhibit 16.1.For which value of Hires the predicted Productivity is maximized (Do not round to the nearest integer. )?

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Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers. Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers.   Refer to Exhibit 16.1.Assuming that the number of hired workers must be integer,what is the maximum productivity to achieve? Refer to Exhibit 16.1.Assuming that the number of hired workers must be integer,what is the maximum productivity to achieve?

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Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers. Exhibit 16-1.The following Excel scatterplot with the fitted quadratic regression equation illustrates the observed relationship between productivity and the number of hired workers.   Refer to Exhibit 16.1.The quadratic regression equation found is: Refer to Exhibit 16.1.The quadratic regression equation found is:

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Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region. Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the estimated log-log regression model? Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β0 + β1PepsiPrice + β2ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β0 + β1ln(PepsiPrice)+ β2ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows: Exhibit 16-7.It is believed that the sales volume of one liter Pepsi bottles depends on the price of the bottle and the price of one liter bottle of Coca Cola.The following data has been collected for a certain sales region.   Using Excel's regression,the linear model PepsiSales = β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>PepsiPrice + β<sub>2</sub>ColaPrice + ε and the log-log model ln(PepsiSales)= β<sub>0</sub> + β<sub>1</sub>ln(PepsiPrice)+ β<sub>2</sub>ln(ColaPrice)+ ε have been estimated as follows:   Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the estimated log-log regression model? Refer to Exhibit 16.7.What is the estimated log-log regression model?

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Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results. Exhibit 16.6.Thirty employed single individuals were randomly selected to examine the relationship between their age (Age)and their credit card debt (Debt)expressed as a percentage of their annual income.Three polynomial models were applied and the following table summarizes Excel's regression results.   Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the percentage of variations in Debt explained by Age in the regression equation with the best fit? Refer to Exhibit 16.6.What is the percentage of variations in Debt explained by Age in the regression equation with the best fit?

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Exhibit 16.2.Typically,the sales volume declines with an increase of a product price.It has been observed,however,that for some luxury goods the sales volume may increase when the price increases.The following Excel output illustrates this rather unusual relationship. Exhibit 16.2.Typically,the sales volume declines with an increase of a product price.It has been observed,however,that for some luxury goods the sales volume may increase when the price increases.The following Excel output illustrates this rather unusual relationship.   Refer to Exhibit 16.2.Using the cubic regression equation,predict the sales if the luxury good is priced at $100. Refer to Exhibit 16.2.Using the cubic regression equation,predict the sales if the luxury good is priced at $100.

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