Question 1

Which of the following numbers is closest to the number of bases of RNA that at any one time are hydrogen bonded to DNA within an RNA polymerase in E. coli?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 10 
C) 100 
D) 1000 
E) 10,000 
A) 1 
B) 10 
C) 100 
D) 1000 
E) 10,000

Question 2

An intron is:

Accepted Answer

A) a polypeptide that is clipped out of a larger protein post-translationally. 
B) an RNA sequence that is removed during the processing of an RNA molecule in the nucleus. 
C) part of an intact, mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus. 
D) part of an RNA transcript that is not present in the DNA template. 
E) a type of transfer RNA. 
A) a polypeptide that is clipped out of a larger protein post-translationally. 
B) an RNA sequence that is removed during the processing of an RNA molecule in the nucleus. 
C) part of an intact, mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus. 
D) part of an RNA transcript that is not present in the DNA template. 
E) a type of transfer RNA.

Question 3

A "googol" is the term given to the number 10100 (that is, the number 1 followed by 100 zeros). The DNA molecules in the chromosomes in a human sperm or egg contain approximately 3 × 109 (3 billion) base pairs. How many googol's worth of genetic information could be encoded in human chromosomal DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

806 × 10⁷ googols. In other wor

Question 4

The central dogma of molecular biology refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) replication only. 
B) transcription only. 
C) translation only. 
D) replication and transcription. 
E) transcription and translation. 
A) replication only. 
B) transcription only. 
C) translation only. 
D) replication and transcription. 
E) transcription and translation.

Question 5

The complex of protein and RNA that carries out RNA splicing is called a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The complex of protein and RNA that...

Question 6

Imagine that your lab is synthesizing a new type of cell. One of your colleagues suggests that your synthetic cell should use prokaryotic systems for all of the steps of gene expression (transcription and translation) because prokaryotic protein synthesis is faster than eukaryotic protein synthesis. List at least two characteristics of prokaryotic transcription and translation that make the overall process faster than in eukaryotes.

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope, so

Question 7

Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be found in a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A) one or more phosphate groups 
B) a five-carbon sugar 
C) a side chain 
D) a nitrogen-containing base 
E) All of the choices are equally likely to be found in a nucleotide. 
A) one or more phosphate groups 
B) a five-carbon sugar 
C) a side chain 
D) a nitrogen-containing base 
E) All of the choices are equally likely to be found in a nucleotide.

Question 8

The discovery that DNA from killed virulent bacterial can transform live harmless bacteria into virulent forms means that DNA:

Accepted Answer

A) is double stranded. 
B) is transcribed into RNA. 
C) codes for proteins. 
D) contains information that controls an organism's traits. 
A) is double stranded. 
B) is transcribed into RNA. 
C) codes for proteins. 
D) contains information that controls an organism's traits.

Question 9

Which one of the following types of RNAs carries information for making a single type of protein?

Accepted Answer

A) transfer RNA 
B) messenger RNA 
C) small nuclear RNA 
D) ribosomal RNA 
E) small interfering RNA 
A) transfer RNA 
B) messenger RNA 
C) small nuclear RNA 
D) ribosomal RNA 
E) small interfering RNA

Question 10

Which of the following molecules is made during the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

A) mRNA 
B) tRNA 
C) rRNA 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) mRNA 
B) tRNA 
C) rRNA 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

What would happen if an enhancer sequence were mutated so that its binding partner was always bound and recruiting the RNA polymerase complex?

Accepted Answer

A) No transcription would occur as the site is now blocked to other proteins. 
B) Transcription wouldn't change. 
C) No transcription would occur because the mediator complex could not form. 
D) Transcription would occur continuously. 
A) No transcription would occur as the site is now blocked to other proteins. 
B) Transcription wouldn't change. 
C) No transcription would occur because the mediator complex could not form. 
D) Transcription would occur continuously.

Question 12

Ribose differs from deoxyribose in that a ribose:

Accepted Answer

A) has an extra hydroxyl group. 
B) is missing a hydroxyl group. 
C) has an extra phosphate group. 
D) is missing a phosphate group. 
A) has an extra hydroxyl group. 
B) is missing a hydroxyl group. 
C) has an extra phosphate group. 
D) is missing a phosphate group.

Question 13

The poly(A) sequence that is added to RNA during processing:

Accepted Answer

A) helps prevent formation of complex three-dimensional structures in the messenger RNA. 
B) helps prevent rapid breakdown of the messenger RNA. 
C) is needed for ribosomes to attach to messenger RNA. 
D) aids in the accuracy of translation of the messenger RNA into protein. 
A) helps prevent formation of complex three-dimensional structures in the messenger RNA. 
B) helps prevent rapid breakdown of the messenger RNA. 
C) is needed for ribosomes to attach to messenger RNA. 
D) aids in the accuracy of translation of the messenger RNA into protein.

Question 14

In the spiral staircase analogy of DNA structure, each railing represents a _____ and each step represents a _____.

Accepted Answer

A) sugar-phosphate backbone; pair of bases 
B) sugar-phosphate backbone; base 
C) base; the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule 
A) sugar-phosphate backbone; pair of bases 
B) sugar-phosphate backbone; base 
C) base; the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule

Question 15

Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation that causes the 5' cap to rarely be added to primary transcripts. What would be the result of such a mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) RNA would be retained in the nucleus following transcription. 
B) RNA transcripts would likely be less stable. 
C) Protein production would increase. 
D) Translation would be adversely affected. 
E) RNA transcripts would likely be less stable and translation would be adversely affected. 
A) RNA would be retained in the nucleus following transcription. 
B) RNA transcripts would likely be less stable. 
C) Protein production would increase. 
D) Translation would be adversely affected. 
E) RNA transcripts would likely be less stable and translation would be adversely affected.

Question 16

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 2% of the trinucleotide 5' -ATG-3'. What other trinucleotide also has an abundance of 2%?

Accepted Answer

The complement of 5'

Question 17

Imagine you have discovered a new species of bacteria. To begin your investigation of this organism, you run an assay on the total nucleotide content of the bacterial DNA. If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 40%, what is the adenine content?

Accepted Answer

A) 10 % 
B) 20% 
C) 40% 
D) 605 
E) It is not possible to calculate this number for prokaryotes. 
A) 10 % 
B) 20% 
C) 40% 
D) 605 
E) It is not possible to calculate this number for prokaryotes.

Question 18

Nonvirulent bacteria can still be transformed into virulent bacteria if it is combined with debris from heat-killed virulent bacteria that is first treated with:

Accepted Answer

A) DNase. 
B) RNase. 
C) protease. 
D) no enzyme. 
A) DNase. 
B) RNase. 
C) protease. 
D) no enzyme.

Question 19

Muscle cells make different proteins than nerve cells because they have different sequences of DNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which one of the following explains why rRNAs are the most abundant type of RNA in a mammalian cell?

Accepted Answer

A) There are more different types of rRNA genes than all other types of genes combined. 
B) There are rRNAs in ribosomes, and it takes millions of ribosomes to translate all the proteins required for a cell's functions. 
C) A different type of ribosome is needed to synthesize all of a cell's proteins, and because most proteins are present in multiple copies, a huge number of ribosomes are needed. 
D) It takes several rRNAs to transcribe a single mRNA, so there are many more rRNAs needed in a cell than the number of proteins synthesized. 
E) None of the other answer options is correct. rRNAs are not the most abundant type of RNA in a mammalian cell. 
A) There are more different types of rRNA genes than all other types of genes combined. 
B) There are rRNAs in ribosomes, and it takes millions of ribosomes to translate all the proteins required for a cell's functions. 
C) A different type of ribosome is needed to synthesize all of a cell's proteins, and because most proteins are present in multiple copies, a huge number of ribosomes are needed. 
D) It takes several rRNAs to transcribe a single mRNA, so there are many more rRNAs needed in a cell than the number of proteins synthesized. 
E) None of the other answer options is correct. rRNAs are not the most abundant type of RNA in a mammalian cell.

Exam 3: Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Which of the following numbers is closest to the number of bases of RNA that at any one time are hydrogen bonded to DNA within an RNA polymerase in E. coli?

An intron is:

The central dogma of molecular biology refers to:

The complex of protein and RNA that carries out RNA splicing is called a(n) _____.

Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be found in a nucleotide?

The discovery that DNA from killed virulent bacterial can transform live harmless bacteria into virulent forms means that DNA:

Which one of the following types of RNAs carries information for making a single type of protein?

Which of the following molecules is made during the process of transcription?

What would happen if an enhancer sequence were mutated so that its binding partner was always bound and recruiting the RNA polymerase complex?

Ribose differs from deoxyribose in that a ribose:

The poly(A) sequence that is added to RNA during processing:

In the spiral staircase analogy of DNA structure, each railing represents a _____ and each step represents a _____.

Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation that causes the 5' cap to rarely be added to primary transcripts. What would be the result of such a mutation?

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 2% of the trinucleotide 5' -ATG-3'. What other trinucleotide also has an abundance of 2%?

Imagine you have discovered a new species of bacteria. To begin your investigation of this organism, you run an assay on the total nucleotide content of the bacterial DNA. If the cytosine content of DNA from the bacterial cells is 40%, what is the adenine content?

Nonvirulent bacteria can still be transformed into virulent bacteria if it is combined with debris from heat-killed virulent bacteria that is first treated with:

Muscle cells make different proteins than nerve cells because they have different sequences of DNA.

Which one of the following explains why rRNAs are the most abundant type of RNA in a mammalian cell?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

In the spiral staircase analogy of DNA structure, each railing represents a _ and each step represents a _.