Question 1

Some hectic vacations are not pleasant experiences. Therefore, some unpleasant experiences are not relaxed vacations.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit contraposition.

Question 2

Given the categorical proposition "Some police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some police shootings are tragedies that could not have been avoided. 
B)  All police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided. 
C)  No police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided. 
D)  Some police shootings are not tragedies that could have been avoided. 
E)  All police shootings are not tragedies that could have been avoided. 
A)  Some police shootings are tragedies that could not have been avoided. 
B)  All police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided. 
C)  No police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided. 
D)  Some police shootings are not tragedies that could have been avoided. 
E)  All police shootings are not tragedies that could have been avoided.

Question 3

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Areas 1 and 3 are shaded. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1.

Question 4

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Valid, no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 5

Categorical Proposition 1D
Given the categorical proposition:
"All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses."

-In Categorical Proposition 1D, which terms are distributed?

Accepted Answer

A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  Both the subject and the predicate. 
C)  Neither the subject not the predicate. 
D)  The quantifier but not the copula. 
E)  The subject but not the predicate. 
A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  Both the subject and the predicate. 
C)  Neither the subject not the predicate. 
D)  The quantifier but not the copula. 
E)  The subject but not the predicate.

Question 6

Some A are not non-B. (T) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
D)  Some A are non-B. (F) 
E)  No A are non-B. (T) 
A)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (Und.) 
C)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
D)  Some A are non-B. (F) 
E)  No A are non-B. (T)

Question 7

No non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are not B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
C)  Subcontrary. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Conversion. (F) 
A)  Contradictory. (T) 
B)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
C)  Subcontrary. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Conversion. (F)

Question 8

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  Some B are A. (T) 
B)  Some non-B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
A)  Some B are A. (T) 
B)  Some non-B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.)

Question 9

Few students are truly dedicated.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some students are not truly dedicated people. 
B)  Not all students are people who are truly dedicated. 
C)  Some students are truly dedicated people. 
D)  Some students are truly dedicated people, and some students are not truly dedicated people. 
E)  No students are truly dedicated people. 
A)  Some students are not truly dedicated people. 
B)  Not all students are people who are truly dedicated. 
C)  Some students are truly dedicated people. 
D)  Some students are truly dedicated people, and some students are not truly dedicated people. 
E)  No students are truly dedicated people.

Question 10

Some trolls are not alligators. Therefore, some alligators are not trolls.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy.

Question 11

It is false that no blue jays are pesky creatures. Therefore, all blue jays are pesky creatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
E)  Valid; illicit subalternation. 
A)  Valid; no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
E)  Valid; illicit subalternation.

Question 12

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion. (Und.) 
B)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subcontrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Conversion. (Und.) 
B)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
C)  Contraposition. (T) 
D)  Subcontrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 13

There is a cat on the roof.

Accepted Answer

A)  All animals on the roof are cats. 
B)  All cats are animals on the roof. 
C)  Some cats are animals on the roof and some cats are not animals on the roof. 
D)  Some cats are animals on the roof. 
E)  Some things identical to a roof are places there is a cat. 
A)  All animals on the roof are cats. 
B)  All cats are animals on the roof. 
C)  Some cats are animals on the roof and some cats are not animals on the roof. 
D)  Some cats are animals on the roof. 
E)  Some things identical to a roof are places there is a cat.

Question 14

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Accepted Answer

A)  No romantic poets are supporters of conventional mores. 
B)  Every increase in military spending causes concern in foreign capitals. 
C)  Digital cameras are devices that contain microchips. 
D)  All Epicureans have decadent sensate values. 
E)  Some whole grain cereals are good for the heart. 
A)  No romantic poets are supporters of conventional mores. 
B)  Every increase in military spending causes concern in foreign capitals. 
C)  Digital cameras are devices that contain microchips. 
D)  All Epicureans have decadent sensate values. 
E)  Some whole grain cereals are good for the heart.

Question 15

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Contradiction. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T) 
A)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Contradiction. (T) 
D)  Contrary. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T)

Question 16

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
B)  Some A are not B. (F) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.) 
A)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
B)  Some A are not B. (F) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.)

Question 17

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

Accepted Answer

A)  All bucks are deer with horns. 
B)  No deer that are not bucks are deer with horns. 
C)  All deer with horns are bucks. 
D)  All deer without horns are not bucks. 
E)  If a deer is a buck, then it has horns. 
A)  All bucks are deer with horns. 
B)  No deer that are not bucks are deer with horns. 
C)  All deer with horns are bucks. 
D)  All deer without horns are not bucks. 
E)  If a deer is a buck, then it has horns.

Question 18

Women are dancing in the street.

Accepted Answer

A)  All women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
B)  All streets are places some women are dancing. 
C)  Some women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
D)  Some women are not persons who are dancing in the street. 
E)  Some women are dancing in the street. 
A)  All women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
B)  All streets are places some women are dancing. 
C)  Some women are persons who are dancing in the street. 
D)  Some women are not persons who are dancing in the street. 
E)  Some women are dancing in the street.

Question 19

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

Accepted Answer

A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  All non-A are B. (F) 
C)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  No A are non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  All non-A are B. (F) 
C)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  No A are non-B. (Und.)

Question 20

No flying carpets are dependable vehicles. Therefore, all flying carpets are undependable vehicles.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Some hectic vacations are not pleasant experiences. Therefore, some unpleasant experiences are not relaxed vacations.

Given the categorical proposition "Some police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, which terms are distributed?

Some A are not non-B. (T) Subcontrary

No non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are not B.

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Few students are truly dedicated.

Some trolls are not alligators. Therefore, some alligators are not trolls.

It is false that no blue jays are pesky creatures. Therefore, all blue jays are pesky creatures.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

There is a cat on the roof.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

Women are dancing in the street.

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

No flying carpets are dependable vehicles. Therefore, all flying carpets are undependable vehicles.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Some hectic vacations are not pleasant experiences. Therefore, some unpleasant experiences are not relaxed vacations.

Given the categorical proposition "Some police shootings are tragedies that could have been avoided." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

It is false that some two-hundred pound mice are warthogs. Therefore, it is false that all two-hundred pound mice are warthogs.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, which terms are distributed?

Some A are not non-B. (T) Subcontrary

No non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are not B.

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Few students are truly dedicated.

Some trolls are not alligators. Therefore, some alligators are not trolls.

It is false that no blue jays are pesky creatures. Therefore, all blue jays are pesky creatures.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-B are not A.

There is a cat on the roof.

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

If a deer has no horns, then it isn't a buck.

Women are dancing in the street.

All A are non-B. (F) Conversion

No flying carpets are dependable vehicles. Therefore, all flying carpets are undependable vehicles.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters