Question 1

Some pacific islands are tropical gardens. Therefore, some pacific islands are not tropical gardens.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary.

Question 2

Some S are not P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  There is an X in Area 3. 
B)  There is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
A)  There is an X in Area 3. 
B)  There is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1.

Question 3

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F) 
A)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
B)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Contradictory. (F)

Question 4

There is a tavern in the town.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some taverns are not things in the town. 
B)  Some taverns are things in the town, and some taverns are not things in the town. 
C)  Some taverns are things in the town. 
D)  All taverns are things in the town. 
E)  No taverns are not things in the town. 
A)  Some taverns are not things in the town. 
B)  Some taverns are things in the town, and some taverns are not things in the town. 
C)  Some taverns are things in the town. 
D)  All taverns are things in the town. 
E)  No taverns are not things in the town.

Question 5

It is false that some three dollar bills are legitimate currencies. Therefore, some three dollar bills are not legitimate currencies.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 6

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All drugs are not effective medicines. 
B)  No drugs are not effective medicines. 
C)  All drugs are effective medicines. 
D)  No drugs are effective medicines. 
E)  Some drugs are effective medicines. 
A)  All drugs are not effective medicines. 
B)  No drugs are not effective medicines. 
C)  All drugs are effective medicines. 
D)  No drugs are effective medicines. 
E)  Some drugs are effective medicines.

Question 7

Some A are B. (F) Some A are not B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (F) 
C)  Contradiction. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T) 
A)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
B)  Conversion. (F) 
C)  Contradiction. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T)

Question 8

All cable cars are romantic conveyances. Therefore, it is false that no cable cars are romantic conveyances.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 9

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  Some B are A. (T) 
B)  Some non-B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
A)  Some B are A. (T) 
B)  Some non-B are non-A. (T) 
C)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  Some non-A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.)

Question 10

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  No tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
B)  All tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
C)  Some tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
D)  Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests. 
E)  No tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
A)  No tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
B)  All tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests. 
C)  Some tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests. 
D)  Some tax loopholes are not benefits that reward special interests. 
E)  No tax loopholes are benefits that do not reward special interests.

Question 11

Categorical Proposition 1A
Given the categorical proposition:
"All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal."

-In Categorical Proposition 1A:

Accepted Answer

A)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
D)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed. 
A)  The subject term is universal and the predicate term is particular. 
B)  The subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed. 
C)  The subject term is undistributed and the predicate term is distributed. 
D)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed. 
E)  Both the subject term and the predicate term are undistributed.

Question 12

There is a bird in the tree.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some birds are animals in the tree. 
B)  All birds are animals in the tree. 
C)  Some birds are animals in the tree and some birds are not animals in the tree. 
D)  All animals in the tree are birds. 
E)  All things identical to a tree are places there is a bird. 
A)  Some birds are animals in the tree. 
B)  All birds are animals in the tree. 
C)  Some birds are animals in the tree and some birds are not animals in the tree. 
D)  All animals in the tree are birds. 
E)  All things identical to a tree are places there is a bird.

Question 13

Categorical Proposition 1E
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers."

-In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quantity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  Negative. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Universal. 
A)  Some. 
B)  Particular. 
C)  Negative. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Universal.

Question 14

All treasury notes are secure investments. Therefore, all secure investments are treasury notes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 15

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 3. 
A)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is an X in Area 3.

Question 16

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contrary. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Contrary. (F) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Obversion. (T) 
D)  Conversion. (T) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 17

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
C)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
D)  Some B are non-A. (T) 
E)  All non-A are B. (T) 
A)  All non-A are B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (Und.) 
C)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
D)  Some B are non-A. (T) 
E)  All non-A are B. (T)

Question 18

Not every student will graduate.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some students will not graduate. 
B)  All students are not persons who will graduate. 
C)  Some persons who will graduate are not students. 
D)  Some students are not persons who will graduate. 
E)  No persons who will graduate are non-students. 
A)  Some students will not graduate. 
B)  All students are not persons who will graduate. 
C)  Some persons who will graduate are not students. 
D)  Some students are not persons who will graduate. 
E)  No persons who will graduate are non-students.

Question 19

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contradiction. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T) 
A)  Contradiction. (T) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Contrary. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Subcontrary. (T)

Question 20

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid, no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Some pacific islands are tropical gardens. Therefore, some pacific islands are not tropical gardens.

Some S are not P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

There is a tavern in the town.

It is false that some three dollar bills are legitimate currencies. Therefore, some three dollar bills are not legitimate currencies.

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are B. (F) Some A are not B.

All cable cars are romantic conveyances. Therefore, it is false that no cable cars are romantic conveyances.

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Categorical Proposition 1A Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." -In Categorical Proposition 1A:

There is a bird in the tree.

Categorical Proposition 1E Given the categorical proposition: "Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers." -In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quantity is:

All treasury notes are secure investments. Therefore, all secure investments are treasury notes.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Not every student will graduate.

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Some pacific islands are tropical gardens. Therefore, some pacific islands are not tropical gardens.

Some S are not P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some A are not B. (T) No A are B.

There is a tavern in the town.

It is false that some three dollar bills are legitimate currencies. Therefore, some three dollar bills are not legitimate currencies.

Given the categorical proposition "Some drugs are not effective medicines." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some A are B. (F) Some A are not B.

All cable cars are romantic conveyances. Therefore, it is false that no cable cars are romantic conveyances.

Some A are B. (T) Obversion

Given the categorical proposition "Some tax loopholes are benefits that reward special interests." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Categorical Proposition 1A Given the categorical proposition: "All wiretaps that are approved without a warrant are surveillance techniques that are not legal." -In Categorical Proposition 1A:

There is a bird in the tree.

Categorical Proposition 1E Given the categorical proposition: "Some federal budgets that are bloated by war spending are not burdens that are fair to taxpayers." -In Categorical Proposition 1E, the quantity is:

All treasury notes are secure investments. Therefore, all secure investments are treasury notes.

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint.) After filling in the Venn diagram,

No A are B. (T) All A are B.

Some non-A are B. (T) Subcontrary

Not every student will graduate.

No non-A are non-B. (F) All non-A are non-B.

All charitable contributions are tax-deductible gifts. Therefore, all tax-deductible gifts are charitable contributions.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters