Question 1

A few flights are available.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some flights are available. 
B)  Some flights are things that are available. 
C)  Some flights are things that are available and some flights are not things that are available. 
D)  Some flights are not things that are available. 
E)  All flights are not available. 
A)  Some flights are available. 
B)  Some flights are things that are available. 
C)  Some flights are things that are available and some flights are not things that are available. 
D)  Some flights are not things that are available. 
E)  All flights are not available.

Question 2

Marriages are not tolerable unless they are loving.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some tolerable marriages are loving marriages. 
B)  All loving marriages are tolerable marriages. 
C)  All tolerable marriages are loving marriages. 
D)  All tolerable marriages are loving marriages, and all marriages that are not loving are marriages that are not tolerable. 
E)  No intolerable marriages are loving marriages. 
A)  Some tolerable marriages are loving marriages. 
B)  All loving marriages are tolerable marriages. 
C)  All tolerable marriages are loving marriages. 
D)  All tolerable marriages are loving marriages, and all marriages that are not loving are marriages that are not tolerable. 
E)  No intolerable marriages are loving marriages.

Question 3

If something isn't a conductor then it isn't made of metal.

Accepted Answer

A)  No things not made of metal are conductors. 
B)  If something is made of metal then it is a conductor. 
C)  All things made of metal are conductors. 
D)  All non-conductors are not things made of metal. 
E)  All conductors are things made of metal. 
A)  No things not made of metal are conductors. 
B)  If something is made of metal then it is a conductor. 
C)  All things made of metal are conductors. 
D)  All non-conductors are not things made of metal. 
E)  All conductors are things made of metal.

Question 4

All non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contraposition. (F) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Contradictory. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Subalternation. (Und.) 
A)  Contraposition. (F) 
B)  Subalternation. (F) 
C)  Contradictory. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
E)  Subalternation. (Und.)

Question 5

All A are B. (F) Contrary

Accepted Answer

A)  All B are A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (T) 
E)  All B are A. (F) 
A)  All B are A. (Und.) 
B)  No A are B. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (T) 
E)  All B are A. (F)

Question 6

No mint juleps are sour concoctions. Therefore, no sour concoctions are mint juleps.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 7

Wherever there is water there is life.

Accepted Answer

A)  All places there is life are places there is water. 
B)  All places there is no water are places there is no life. 
C)  All places there is water are places there is life. 
D)  All times there is water are times there is life. 
E)  Some places there is water are places there is life. 
A)  All places there is life are places there is water. 
B)  All places there is no water are places there is no life. 
C)  All places there is water are places there is life. 
D)  All times there is water are times there is life. 
E)  Some places there is water are places there is life.

Question 8

All books except novels are boring to read.

Accepted Answer

A)  No novels are books boring to read. 
B)  All books boring to read are books that are not novels. 
C)  Some novels are not books boring to read. 
D)  All books that are not boring to read are books that are novels. 
E)  No novels are books boring to read, and all books that are not novels are books boring to read. 
A)  No novels are books boring to read. 
B)  All books boring to read are books that are not novels. 
C)  Some novels are not books boring to read. 
D)  All books that are not boring to read are books that are novels. 
E)  No novels are books boring to read, and all books that are not novels are books boring to read.

Question 9

It is false that some square triangles are cubes. Therefore, no square triangles are cubes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contradiction. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
A)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contradiction. 
D)  Valid; no fallacy. 
E)  Invalid; illicit conversion.

Question 10

Categorical Proposition 1G
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some paintings that are not characteristic of the Byzantine period are works that are not being auctioned by Christie's."

-In Categorical Proposition 1G, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Being auctioned. 
B)  Are not. 
C)  Some. 
D)  None of these. 
E)  Are. 
A)  Being auctioned. 
B)  Are not. 
C)  Some. 
D)  None of these. 
E)  Are.

Question 11

Some non-A are B. (F) Some non-B are A.

Accepted Answer

A)  Conversion. (F) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (F) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
A)  Conversion. (F) 
B)  Obversion. (F) 
C)  Conversion. (T) 
D)  Contraposition. (F) 
E)  Contraposition. (Und.)

Question 12

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)   After filling in the Venn diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
C)  There is an X in Area 2, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1.

Question 13

Sausages are not edible unless they are cooked.

Accepted Answer

A)  All uncooked sausages are not edible sausages. 
B)  Some cooked sausages are edible sausages. 
C)  All cooked sausages are edible sausages. 
D)  All edible sausages are cooked sausages. 
E)  No inedible sausages are cooked sausages. 
A)  All uncooked sausages are not edible sausages. 
B)  Some cooked sausages are edible sausages. 
C)  All cooked sausages are edible sausages. 
D)  All edible sausages are cooked sausages. 
E)  No inedible sausages are cooked sausages.

Question 14

It is false that some headless horsemen are not agile individuals. Therefore, it is false that no headless horsemen are agile individuals.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid; existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
B)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
C)  Valid; no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid; existential fallacy.

Question 15

Categorical Proposition 1F
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet."

-In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

Accepted Answer

A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  The subject but not the predicate. 
C)  Both the quantifier and the copula. 
D)  Neither the subject nor the predicate. 
E)  Both the subject and the predicate. 
A)  The predicate but not the subject. 
B)  The subject but not the predicate. 
C)  Both the quantifier and the copula. 
D)  Neither the subject nor the predicate. 
E)  Both the subject and the predicate.

Question 16

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  There is an X in Area 2. 
E)  Area 3 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2.

Question 17

All non-A are B. (T) Some non-A are not B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Contraposition. (T) 
C)  Contradiction. (F) 
D)  Conversion. (Und.) 
E)  Contrary. (Und.) 
A)  Subalternation. (T) 
B)  Contraposition. (T) 
C)  Contradiction. (F) 
D)  Conversion. (Und.) 
E)  Contrary. (Und.)

Question 18

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-B are non-A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are B. (Und.) 
A)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
B)  All A are B. (T) 
C)  Some A are not B. (F) 
D)  No non-B are non-A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are B. (Und.)

Question 19

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint)   After filling in the diagram,

Accepted Answer

A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded. 
A)  Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 2. 
B)  Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in Area 1. 
C)  Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
D)  Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks. 
E)  Areas 2 and 3 are shaded.

Question 20

Some non-A are B. (T) Contradictory

Accepted Answer

A)  No non-A are B. (F) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
C)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
D)  No non-B are A. (F) 
E)  All non-A are B. (F) 
A)  No non-A are B. (F) 
B)  Some non-A are not B. (F) 
C)  Some A are not B. (Und.) 
D)  No non-B are A. (F) 
E)  All non-A are B. (F)

A few flights are available.

Marriages are not tolerable unless they are loving.

If something isn't a conductor then it isn't made of metal.

All non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are B.

All A are B. (F) Contrary

No mint juleps are sour concoctions. Therefore, no sour concoctions are mint juleps.

Wherever there is water there is life.

All books except novels are boring to read.

It is false that some square triangles are cubes. Therefore, no square triangles are cubes.

Categorical Proposition 1G Given the categorical proposition: "Some paintings that are not characteristic of the Byzantine period are works that are not being auctioned by Christie's." -In Categorical Proposition 1G, the copula is:

Some non-A are B. (F) Some non-B are A.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Sausages are not edible unless they are cooked.

It is false that some headless horsemen are not agile individuals. Therefore, it is false that no headless horsemen are agile individuals.

Categorical Proposition 1F Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." -In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All non-A are B. (T) Some non-A are not B.

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some non-A are B. (T) Contradictory

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

A few flights are available.

Marriages are not tolerable unless they are loving.

If something isn't a conductor then it isn't made of metal.

All non-A are B. (F) Some non-A are B.

All A are B. (F) Contrary

No mint juleps are sour concoctions. Therefore, no sour concoctions are mint juleps.

Wherever there is water there is life.

All books except novels are boring to read.

It is false that some square triangles are cubes. Therefore, no square triangles are cubes.

Categorical Proposition 1G Given the categorical proposition: "Some paintings that are not characteristic of the Byzantine period are works that are not being auctioned by Christie's." -In Categorical Proposition 1G, the copula is:

Some non-A are B. (F) Some non-B are A.

All S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint) After filling in the Venn diagram,

Sausages are not edible unless they are cooked.

It is false that some headless horsemen are not agile individuals. Therefore, it is false that no headless horsemen are agile individuals.

Categorical Proposition 1F Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." -In Categorical Proposition 1F, which terms are distributed?

No S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

All non-A are B. (T) Some non-A are not B.

No A are B. (F) Subalternation.

All S are P. (Boolean standpoint) After filling in the diagram,

Some non-A are B. (T) Contradictory

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters