Question 1

All werewolves are unwelcome companions. Therefore, no werewolves are welcome companions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
C)  Valid, no fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary.

Question 2

Some A are B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Obversion. (T) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
A)  Obversion. (T) 
B)  Contradictory. (F) 
C)  Contraposition. (Und.) 
D)  Contrary. (F) 
E)  Subcontrary. (Und.)

Question 3

It is false that no exercise machines are cumbersome devices. Therefore, all exercise machines are cumbersome devices.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 4

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 5

Some leprechauns are not wealthy dwarfs. Therefore, some wealthy dwarfs are not leprechauns.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Question 6

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.) 
A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
C)  Some A are B. (F) 
D)  No A are B. (F) 
E)  Some B are non-A. (Und.)

Question 7

No popular casinos are establishments without bright lights. Therefore, no establishments with bright lights are unpopular casinos.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
C)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit conversion.

Question 8

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
A)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
D)  Valid. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contrary.

Question 9

It is false that no landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants. Therefore, all landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit conversion. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary.

Question 10

Given the categorical proposition "Some mathematicians are not topologists." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some non-mathematicians are topologists. 
B)  Some mathematicians are topologists. 
C)  No mathematicians are topologists. 
D)  Some mathematicians are non-topologists. 
E)  All mathematicians are topologists. 
A)  Some non-mathematicians are topologists. 
B)  Some mathematicians are topologists. 
C)  No mathematicians are topologists. 
D)  Some mathematicians are non-topologists. 
E)  All mathematicians are topologists.

Question 11

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Accepted Answer

A)  Some astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
B)  Some persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
C)  All astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
D)  No astronomers are persons not allowed in the observatory. 
E)  All persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
A)  Some astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
B)  Some persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers. 
C)  All astronomers are persons allowed in the observatory. 
D)  No astronomers are persons not allowed in the observatory. 
E)  All persons allowed in the observatory are astronomers.

Question 12

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contradiction. (F) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Obversion. (T) 
A)  Contradiction. (F) 
B)  Conversion. (Und.) 
C)  Subcontrary. (Und.) 
D)  Contraposition. (T) 
E)  Obversion. (T)

Question 13

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
E)  Valid, no fallacy.

Question 14

Given the categorical proposition "All biologists are scientists." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some scientists are not biologists. 
B)  Some biologists are not scientists. 
C)  No biologists are scientists. 
D)  Some biologists are scientists. 
E)  All biologists are not scientists. 
A)  Some scientists are not biologists. 
B)  Some biologists are not scientists. 
C)  No biologists are scientists. 
D)  Some biologists are scientists. 
E)  All biologists are not scientists.

Question 15

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
C)  Valid. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contradictory. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 16

It is false that some four-sided triangles are commonplace figures. Therefore, some four-sided triangles are not commonplace figures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, illicit subalternation.

Question 17

Categorical Proposition 1D
Given the categorical proposition:
"All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses."

-In Categorical Proposition 1D, the subject term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Email messages. 
B)  Communications. 
C)  Communications that are not entitled to responses. 
D)  Email messages that are solicitations for private information. 
E)  Solicitations for private information. 
A)  Email messages. 
B)  Communications. 
C)  Communications that are not entitled to responses. 
D)  Email messages that are solicitations for private information. 
E)  Solicitations for private information.

Question 18

Categorical Proposition 1B
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some forest fires that are not started by campers are conflagrations that are not easily extinguished."

-In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quantity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Universal. 
D)  Particular. 
E)  Negative. 
A)  Some. 
B)  Affirmative. 
C)  Universal. 
D)  Particular. 
E)  Negative.

Question 19

Categorical Proposition 1F
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet."

-In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quality is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Are. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Particular. 
A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Are. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Particular.

Question 20

Categorical Proposition 1C
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit."

-In Categorical Proposition 1C, the quantity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Particular. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Some. 
A)  Affirmative. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  Particular. 
D)  Negative. 
E)  Some.

All werewolves are unwelcome companions. Therefore, no werewolves are welcome companions.

Some A are B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

It is false that no exercise machines are cumbersome devices. Therefore, all exercise machines are cumbersome devices.

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

Some leprechauns are not wealthy dwarfs. Therefore, some wealthy dwarfs are not leprechauns.

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

No popular casinos are establishments without bright lights. Therefore, no establishments with bright lights are unpopular casinos.

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

It is false that no landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants. Therefore, all landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants.

Given the categorical proposition "Some mathematicians are not topologists." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Given the categorical proposition "All biologists are scientists." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

It is false that some four-sided triangles are commonplace figures. Therefore, some four-sided triangles are not commonplace figures.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, the subject term is:

Categorical Proposition 1B Given the categorical proposition: "Some forest fires that are not started by campers are conflagrations that are not easily extinguished." -In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quantity is:

Categorical Proposition 1F Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." -In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quality is:

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." -In Categorical Proposition 1C, the quantity is:

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

All werewolves are unwelcome companions. Therefore, no werewolves are welcome companions.

Some A are B. (T) Some A are not non-B.

It is false that no exercise machines are cumbersome devices. Therefore, all exercise machines are cumbersome devices.

No wind farms are pollution generators. Therefore, it is false that all wind farms are pollution generators.

Some leprechauns are not wealthy dwarfs. Therefore, some wealthy dwarfs are not leprechauns.

Some A are non-B. (F) Obversion

No popular casinos are establishments without bright lights. Therefore, no establishments with bright lights are unpopular casinos.

All flying reindeer are happy creatures. Therefore, no flying reindeer are unhappy creatures.

It is false that no landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants. Therefore, all landlords are entrepreneurs who evict tenants.

Given the categorical proposition "Some mathematicians are not topologists." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Only astronomers are allowed in the observatory.

Some non-A are not B. (T) Some non-A are B.

All holiday parades are colorful events. Therefore, some holiday parades are colorful events.

Given the categorical proposition "All biologists are scientists." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

It is false that some serial killers are not deranged psychopaths. Therefore, all serial killers are deranged psychopaths.

It is false that some four-sided triangles are commonplace figures. Therefore, some four-sided triangles are not commonplace figures.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, the subject term is:

Categorical Proposition 1B Given the categorical proposition: "Some forest fires that are not started by campers are conflagrations that are not easily extinguished." -In Categorical Proposition 1B, the quantity is:

Categorical Proposition 1F Given the categorical proposition: "Some ID cards that are not easy documents to duplicate are forgeries that are not readily available on the Internet." -In Categorical Proposition 1F, the quality is:

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." -In Categorical Proposition 1C, the quantity is:

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters