Question 1

Some lamps containing genies are occasions for surprise. Therefore, some occasions for surprise are lamps containing genies.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
A)  Valid, no fallacy. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
D)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
E)  Invalid, illicit obversion.

Question 2

Categorical Proposition 1D
Given the categorical proposition:
"All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses."

-In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quantity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Particular. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  All. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Singular. 
A)  Particular. 
B)  Universal. 
C)  All. 
D)  Affirmative. 
E)  Singular.

Question 3

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T) 
A)  Some A are not B. (F) 
B)  Some A are non-B. (T) 
C)  Some non-A are B. (T) 
D)  No non-A are B. (F) 
E)  Some A are B. (T)

Question 4

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All A are non-B. (T) 
B)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
C)  All non-B are A. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.)

Question 5

Given the categorical proposition "No optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Some optical-scan voting machines are not devices vulnerable to hackers. 
B)  No optical-scan voting machines are devices that are not vulnerable to hackers. 
C)  Some optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers. 
D)  All optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers. 
E)  No optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers. 
A)  Some optical-scan voting machines are not devices vulnerable to hackers. 
B)  No optical-scan voting machines are devices that are not vulnerable to hackers. 
C)  Some optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers. 
D)  All optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers. 
E)  No optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers.

Question 6

Categorical Proposition 1H
Given the categorical proposition:
"All urns that are not made of marble are articles that are currently on sale."

-In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Articles. 
B)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
C)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
D)  Urns. 
E)  Made of marble. 
A)  Articles. 
B)  Urns that are not made of marble. 
C)  Articles that are currently on sale. 
D)  Urns. 
E)  Made of marble.

Question 7

Some A are non-B. (F) Subalternation

Accepted Answer

A)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-B are A. (F) 
C)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  All A are non-B. (F) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
B)  Some non-B are A. (F) 
C)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
D)  All A are non-B. (F) 
E)  Some A are not non-B. (Und.)

Question 8

All trolls are ugly creatures. Therefore, no trolls are beautiful creatures.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy. 
A)  Invalid; illicit obversion. 
B)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
C)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
E)  Valid; no fallacy.

Question 9

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Accepted Answer

A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
A)  Valid. 
B)  Invalid, illicit conversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
E)  Invalid, illicit contraposition.

Question 10

Vienna is not in Hungary.

Accepted Answer

A)  No cities identical to Vienna are cities in Hungary. 
B)  All cities identical to Vienna are not cities in Hungary. 
C)  Vienna is not a city in Hungary. 
D)  All countries identical to Hungary are not countries that contain Vienna. 
E)  Some cities identical to Vienna are not cities in Hungary. 
A)  No cities identical to Vienna are cities in Hungary. 
B)  All cities identical to Vienna are not cities in Hungary. 
C)  Vienna is not a city in Hungary. 
D)  All countries identical to Hungary are not countries that contain Vienna. 
E)  Some cities identical to Vienna are not cities in Hungary.

Question 11

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  All non-B are A. (T) 
C)  All A are non-B. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.) 
A)  All B are non-A. (Und.) 
B)  All non-B are A. (T) 
C)  All A are non-B. (T) 
D)  All non-B are A. (Und.) 
E)  All A are non-B. (Und.)

Question 12

Given the categorical proposition "Some allergies are not mortal afflictions." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  No allergies are mortal afflictions. 
B)  No allergies are not mortal afflictions. 
C)  All allergies are mortal afflictions. 
D)  Some allergies are mortal afflictions. 
E)  All allergies are not mortal afflictions. 
A)  No allergies are mortal afflictions. 
B)  No allergies are not mortal afflictions. 
C)  All allergies are mortal afflictions. 
D)  Some allergies are mortal afflictions. 
E)  All allergies are not mortal afflictions.

Question 13

Some guilty defendants are not believable witnesses. Therefore, some unbelievable witnesses are not innocent defendants.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary. 
A)  Invalid; existential fallacy. 
B)  Valid; no fallacy. 
C)  Invalid; illicit contraposition. 
D)  Invalid; illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid; illicit subcontrary.

Question 14

Given the categorical proposition "Some franchises are moneymakers." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

Accepted Answer

A)  All franchises are not moneymakers. 
B)  Some franchises are moneymakers. 
C)  All franchises are moneymakers. 
D)  No Franchises are moneymakers. 
E)  Some franchises are not moneymakers. 
A)  All franchises are not moneymakers. 
B)  Some franchises are moneymakers. 
C)  All franchises are moneymakers. 
D)  No Franchises are moneymakers. 
E)  Some franchises are not moneymakers.

Question 15

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid. 
A)  Invalid, illicit contraposition. 
B)  Invalid, illicit obversion. 
C)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Valid.

Question 16

Categorical Proposition 1C
Given the categorical proposition:
"Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit."

-In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Are not. 
B)  Are earning. 
C)  Are operating. 
D)  Are. 
E)  Not. 
A)  Are not. 
B)  Are earning. 
C)  Are operating. 
D)  Are. 
E)  Not.

Question 17

All except the skaters won a medal.

Accepted Answer

A)  All skaters are not people who won a medal. 
B)  No skaters are people who won a medal and all non-skaters are people who won a medal. 
C)  Some skaters are not people who won a medal. 
D)  All people who did not win a medal are skaters. 
E)  No skaters are people who won a medal. 
A)  All skaters are not people who won a medal. 
B)  No skaters are people who won a medal and all non-skaters are people who won a medal. 
C)  Some skaters are not people who won a medal. 
D)  All people who did not win a medal are skaters. 
E)  No skaters are people who won a medal.

Question 18

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Accepted Answer

A)  Some B are not A. (F) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (F) 
A)  Some B are not A. (F) 
B)  Some B are not non-A. (T) 
C)  Some non-B are non-A. (F) 
D)  Some A are not non-B. (T) 
E)  Some non-B are not A. (F)

Question 19

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

Accepted Answer

A)  Not all peace treaties are viable arrangements. 
B)  Some Persian cats are pure white. 
C)  No action movies are occasions for relaxation. 
D)  Few novels are books worth reading. 
E)  All incompetent administrators will be fired. 
A)  Not all peace treaties are viable arrangements. 
B)  Some Persian cats are pure white. 
C)  No action movies are occasions for relaxation. 
D)  Few novels are books worth reading. 
E)  All incompetent administrators will be fired.

Question 20

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Accepted Answer

A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy. 
A)  Invalid, illicit subcontrary. 
B)  Valid. 
C)  Invalid, illicit subalternation. 
D)  Invalid, illicit contrary. 
E)  Invalid, existential fallacy.

Some lamps containing genies are occasions for surprise. Therefore, some occasions for surprise are lamps containing genies.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quantity is:

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Given the categorical proposition "No optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Categorical Proposition 1H Given the categorical proposition: "All urns that are not made of marble are articles that are currently on sale." -In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Some A are non-B. (F) Subalternation

All trolls are ugly creatures. Therefore, no trolls are beautiful creatures.

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Vienna is not in Hungary.

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Given the categorical proposition "Some allergies are not mortal afflictions." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some guilty defendants are not believable witnesses. Therefore, some unbelievable witnesses are not innocent defendants.

Given the categorical proposition "Some franchises are moneymakers." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." -In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

All except the skaters won a medal.

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters

Exam 4: Categorical Propositions

Some lamps containing genies are occasions for surprise. Therefore, some occasions for surprise are lamps containing genies.

Categorical Proposition 1D Given the categorical proposition: "All email messages that are solicitations for private information are communications that are not entitled to responses." -In Categorical Proposition 1D, the quantity is:

All non-A are B. (T) Subalternation

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Given the categorical proposition "No optical-scan voting machines are devices vulnerable to hackers." If the quantity but not the quality is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Categorical Proposition 1H Given the categorical proposition: "All urns that are not made of marble are articles that are currently on sale." -In Categorical Proposition 1H, the subject term is:

Some A are non-B. (F) Subalternation

All trolls are ugly creatures. Therefore, no trolls are beautiful creatures.

All fair elections are elections untainted with fraud. Therefore, all elections tainted with fraud are unfair elections.

Vienna is not in Hungary.

All non-A are B. (T) Contraposition

Given the categorical proposition "Some allergies are not mortal afflictions." If the quality but not the quantity is changed, the resulting proposition is:

Some guilty defendants are not believable witnesses. Therefore, some unbelievable witnesses are not innocent defendants.

Given the categorical proposition "Some franchises are moneymakers." If both the quality and the quantity are changed, the resulting proposition is:

No fashion shows are events without models. Therefore, all fashion shows are events with models.

Categorical Proposition 1C Given the categorical proposition: "Some corporations that are operating in the United States are not enterprises that are earning a profit." -In Categorical Proposition 1C, the copula is:

All except the skaters won a medal.

Some non-A are not B. (F) Contraposition

Which of the following categorical propositions is in standard form?

It is false that all ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions. Therefore, it is false that some ballet performances are thrilling exhibitions.

Basic Concepts

Language: Meaning and Definition

Informal Fallacies

Categorical Syllogisms

Propositional Logic

Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic

Predicate Logic

Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning

Causality and Mills Methods

Probability

Statistical Reasoning

Hypotheticalscientific Reasoning

Science and Superstition

Filters