Question 1

The fact that amoebas are not monophyletic demonstrates that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  movement by pseudopodia evolved only once 
B)  scientists need to continue to investigate the origins and evolutionary history of protists 
C)  evolutionary history cannot be discovered 
D)  eukaryotes are also not monophyletic and need to be broken into many groups 
A)  movement by pseudopodia evolved only once 
B)  scientists need to continue to investigate the origins and evolutionary history of protists 
C)  evolutionary history cannot be discovered 
D)  eukaryotes are also not monophyletic and need to be broken into many groups

Question 2

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gametes fuse, forming an oocyst 
B)  cells infect the human liver cells 
C)  cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells 
D)  oocyst undergoes meiosis 
A)  gametes fuse, forming an oocyst 
B)  cells infect the human liver cells 
C)  cells cause lysing of the human red blood cells 
D)  oocyst undergoes meiosis

Question 3

The genome of modern chloroplasts is roughly 50% the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. In comparison, the genome of P. chromatophora's chromatophore is only slightly reduced relative to the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. What is a valid hypothesis that can be drawn from this comparison?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lytic phage infections have targeted the chloroplast genome more often than the P. chromatophora genome. 
B)  P. chromatophora's chromatophore is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis. 
C)  The genome of the chloroplast ancestor contained many more introns that could be lost without harm compared to the chromatophore's genome. 
D)  The genome of the cyanobacteria was smaller than the genome of P. chromatophora. 
A)  Lytic phage infections have targeted the chloroplast genome more often than the P. chromatophora genome. 
B)  P. chromatophora's chromatophore is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis. 
C)  The genome of the chloroplast ancestor contained many more introns that could be lost without harm compared to the chromatophore's genome. 
D)  The genome of the cyanobacteria was smaller than the genome of P. chromatophora.

Question 4

Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reveal that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade 
B)  suggest that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes 
C)  strongly suggest that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals 
D)  are presently unclear 
A)  reveal that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade 
B)  suggest that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes 
C)  strongly suggest that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals 
D)  are presently unclear

Question 5

Use the following figure to answer the question.
 
"Rare events" can help us understand evolutionary events, as shown in the figure. Which of the following statements explains the logic of this approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organisms with the mutation evolved convergently. 
B)  The mutation provided an adaptive advantage to the organisms that contained it. 
C)  Because the mutation likely occurred only once, all organisms with the mutation have a common ancestor with the mutation. 
D)  "Reverse evolution" does not occur. 
A)  Organisms with the mutation evolved convergently. 
B)  The mutation provided an adaptive advantage to the organisms that contained it. 
C)  Because the mutation likely occurred only once, all organisms with the mutation have a common ancestor with the mutation. 
D)  "Reverse evolution" does not occur.

Question 6

Consider the following data: (a)Most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. (b)All eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus and cytoskeleton. (c)Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions could reasonably follow the data presented? The first eukaryote may have been ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  very similar to a plant cell 
B)  anaerobic 
C)  capable of phagocytosis 
D)  photosynthetic 
A)  very similar to a plant cell 
B)  anaerobic 
C)  capable of phagocytosis 
D)  photosynthetic

Question 7

Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms. 
B)  The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. 
C)  The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms with their cases of silica. 
D)  The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water. 
A)  The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms. 
B)  The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. 
C)  The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms with their cases of silica. 
D)  The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water.

Question 8

In order to determine the "root" of the eukaryote phylogenetic tree, scientists should ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  compare the myosin genes in amoebozoans and opisthokonts 
B)  compare the sequences of chloroplast genes of green algae and plants 
C)  sequence more nuclear genes in green algae and plants 
D)  sequence more nuclear genes in slime molds and other unikonts 
A)  compare the myosin genes in amoebozoans and opisthokonts 
B)  compare the sequences of chloroplast genes of green algae and plants 
C)  sequence more nuclear genes in green algae and plants 
D)  sequence more nuclear genes in slime molds and other unikonts

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the question.
Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "chromatophores." The chromatophores are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants.
The closest living relative of P. chromatophora is the heterotroph P. ovalis. P. ovalis uses threadlike pseudopods to capture its prey, which it digests internally. Which of the following, if observed, would be the best reason for relabeling P. chromatophora as a mixotroph instead of an autotroph?

Accepted Answer

A)  a pigmented central vacuole, surrounded by a nucleomorph 
B)  a vacuole with food inside 
C)  a secretory vesicle 
D)  a contractile vacuole 
A)  a pigmented central vacuole, surrounded by a nucleomorph 
B)  a vacuole with food inside 
C)  a secretory vesicle 
D)  a contractile vacuole

Question 10

You are given four test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these four protists to the correct test tube.
When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 1 and 2. Chemical analysis of test tube 1 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tubes 1, 3, and 4 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 3 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 4 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and one small nucleus in each organism.
Test tube 2 contains ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Paramecium 
B)  Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) 
C)  Entamoeba 
D)  Triceratium (diatom) 
A)  Paramecium 
B)  Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate) 
C)  Entamoeba 
D)  Triceratium (diatom)

Question 11

According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  green algae 
B)  dinoflagellates 
C)  red algae 
D)  both A and C 
A)  green algae 
B)  dinoflagellates 
C)  red algae 
D)  both A and C

Question 12

Which of the following pairs of protists and their ecological roles are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

A)  apicomplexans-parasites of animals 
B)  euglenozoans-primarily mixotrophic 
C)  dinoflagellates-parasites of plants 
D)  entamoebas-free-living soil organisms 
A)  apicomplexans-parasites of animals 
B)  euglenozoans-primarily mixotrophic 
C)  dinoflagellates-parasites of plants 
D)  entamoebas-free-living soil organisms

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the question.
Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1)if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2)if prey items (mostly bacteria)are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.
A P) bursaria cell that has lost its zoochlorellae is said to be aposymbiotic. It might be able to replenish its contingent of zoochlorellae by ingesting them without subsequently digesting them. Which of the following situations would be most favorable to the reestablishment of resident zoochlorellae, assuming compatible Chlorella are present in P. bursaria's habitat?

Accepted Answer

A)  abundant light, no bacterial prey 
B)  abundant light, abundant bacterial prey 
C)  no light, no bacterial prey 
D)  no light, abundant bacterial prey 
A)  abundant light, no bacterial prey 
B)  abundant light, abundant bacterial prey 
C)  no light, no bacterial prey 
D)  no light, abundant bacterial prey

Question 14

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

Accepted Answer

A)  evolution from mitochondria. 
B)  fusion of plastids. 
C)  origin of the plastids from archaea. 
D)  secondary endosymbiosis. 
A)  evolution from mitochondria. 
B)  fusion of plastids. 
C)  origin of the plastids from archaea. 
D)  secondary endosymbiosis.

Question 15

Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year?

Accepted Answer

A)  Entamoeba histolytica 
B)  Amoeba proteus 
C)  plasmodial slime molds 
D)  Dictyostelium discoideum 
A)  Entamoeba histolytica 
B)  Amoeba proteus 
C)  plasmodial slime molds 
D)  Dictyostelium discoideum

Question 16

Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle, how many phospholipid (not lipopolysaccharide)bilayers should be found around each P. chromatophora's chromatophore, and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it?

Accepted Answer

A)  two; innermost 
B)  two; outermost 
C)  three; innermost 
D)  three; outermost 
A)  two; innermost 
B)  two; outermost 
C)  three; innermost 
D)  three; outermost

Question 17

Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts)thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?

Accepted Answer

A)  stramenopiles 
B)  apicomplexans 
C)  dinoflagellates 
D)  chlorarachniophytes 
A)  stramenopiles 
B)  apicomplexans 
C)  dinoflagellates 
D)  chlorarachniophytes

Question 18

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants 
B)  cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants 
C)  red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants 
D)  cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants 
A)  cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants 
B)  cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants 
C)  red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants 
D)  cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

Question 19

In a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

Accepted Answer

A)  unicellular haploid forms. 
B)  unicellular diploid forms. 
C)  multicellular haploid forms. 
D)  multicellular diploid forms. 
A)  unicellular haploid forms. 
B)  unicellular diploid forms. 
C)  multicellular haploid forms. 
D)  multicellular diploid forms.

Question 20

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to have which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  rigid stems 
B)  bladders 
C)  true roots 
D)  gel-forming proteins 
A)  rigid stems 
B)  bladders 
C)  true roots 
D)  gel-forming proteins

Exam 28: Protists

The fact that amoebas are not monophyletic demonstrates that ________.

When a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium ________.

Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree ________.

Use the following figure to answer the question. "Rare events" can help us understand evolutionary events, as shown in the figure. Which of the following statements explains the logic of this approach?

Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

In order to determine the "root" of the eukaryote phylogenetic tree, scientists should ________.

According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants?

Which of the following pairs of protists and their ecological roles are correctly matched?

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

Which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year?

Including the membrane of the surrounding vesicle, how many phospholipid (not lipopolysaccharide)bilayers should be found around each P. chromatophora's chromatophore, and which one of these bilayers should have photosystems embedded in it?

Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts)thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

In a life cycle with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to have which of the following?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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