Question 1

Escape learning reflects the operation of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  respondent conditioning. 
A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  respondent conditioning.

Question 2

Punishment may be necessary to manage the behavior of a child.Therefore,

Accepted Answer

A)  use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior. 
B)  use spanking since it will prevent "spoiling" the child. 
C)  delay the application of punishment as long as possible after the misbehavior. 
D)  do all of these. 
A)  use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior. 
B)  use spanking since it will prevent "spoiling" the child. 
C)  delay the application of punishment as long as possible after the misbehavior. 
D)  do all of these.

Question 3

Choosing a target behavior,recording a baseline,establishing goals,choosing reinforcers,recording progress,rewarding progress,and adjusting one's plan are the steps making up a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral self-management. 
B)  top-down processing. 
C)  cognitive mapping. 
D)  perceptual habituation. 
A)  behavioral self-management. 
B)  top-down processing. 
C)  cognitive mapping. 
D)  perceptual habituation.

Question 4

Juan likes to play video games,but he also needs to increase his exercise time.So,he decides to only play a video game after he has exercised for 30 minutes.Using video game playing as a reward for exercising illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  higher order conditioning. 
D)  the law of association. 
A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  higher order conditioning. 
D)  the law of association.

Question 5

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most of the children imitated the model's attack on the Bo-Bo doll. 
B)  Some of the children added new aggressive acts toward the doll that were not performed by the model. 
C)  The cartoon model was only slightly less effective in encouraging aggression than the live model and the filmed model. 
D)  The children imitated the cartoon and live models of children, but did not imitiate the filmed adult models. 
A)  Most of the children imitated the model's attack on the Bo-Bo doll. 
B)  Some of the children added new aggressive acts toward the doll that were not performed by the model. 
C)  The cartoon model was only slightly less effective in encouraging aggression than the live model and the filmed model. 
D)  The children imitated the cartoon and live models of children, but did not imitiate the filmed adult models.

Question 6

Regarding the basic tools a person has available to control simple learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement strengthens responses. 
B)  Non-reinforcement causes responses to extinguish. 
C)  Punishment suppresses responses. 
D)  The three basic tools work best when used independently of each other. 
A)  Reinforcement strengthens responses. 
B)  Non-reinforcement causes responses to extinguish. 
C)  Punishment suppresses responses. 
D)  The three basic tools work best when used independently of each other.

Question 7

Which of the following is achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another person or by noting the consequences of the person's actions?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  observational learning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  response chaining 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  observational learning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  response chaining

Question 8

In a classic experiment,two groups of rats explored a maze with the first group being rewarded with food at the end of the maze,while the second group wandered the maze but were not rewarded with food at the end of the maze.On another trial,the second group was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.This second group of "uneducated" rats

Accepted Answer

A)  only then began to learn the maze. 
B)  showed only a slightly slower completion time as compared to the first group. 
C)  ran the maze as quickly as the first group. 
D)  never learned the maze until numerous feeding trials were utilized. 
A)  only then began to learn the maze. 
B)  showed only a slightly slower completion time as compared to the first group. 
C)  ran the maze as quickly as the first group. 
D)  never learned the maze until numerous feeding trials were utilized.

Question 9

A group of primary school students with known television viewing habits were contacted in early adulthood 15 years later.Those students who watched more violence on television as elementary school students

Accepted Answer

A)  were more aggressive as adults. 
B)  were less aggressive as adults. 
C)  showed no more aggressive behavior than the ones who had not watched a great deal of TV violence in elementary school. 
D)  were not more aggressive but did show more depression. 
A)  were more aggressive as adults. 
B)  were less aggressive as adults. 
C)  showed no more aggressive behavior than the ones who had not watched a great deal of TV violence in elementary school. 
D)  were not more aggressive but did show more depression.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in your textbook for changing bad habits?

Accepted Answer

A)  alternate responses 
B)  breaking up response chains 
C)  cognitive mapping 
D)  cues and antecedents 
A)  alternate responses 
B)  breaking up response chains 
C)  cognitive mapping 
D)  cues and antecedents

Question 11

Today's eight to 18-year-olds spend an average of over 50 hours per week engaged in various media,including television,video games,movies,the Internet,music,and print media with television alone consuming an average of how many hours of this total?

Accepted Answer

A)  18 
B)  24 
C)  30 
D)  44 
A)  18 
B)  24 
C)  30 
D)  44

Question 12

Avoidance learning appears to involve both

Accepted Answer

A)  classical and operant conditioning. 
B)  place and latent learning. 
C)  shaping and response chaining. 
D)  fixed and variable ratio schedules. 
A)  classical and operant conditioning. 
B)  place and latent learning. 
C)  shaping and response chaining. 
D)  fixed and variable ratio schedules.

Question 13

When using the three tools to control behavior,it is usually best to begin

Accepted Answer

A)  by making liberal use of positive reinforcement. 
B)  with mild punishment for problem behaviors. 
C)  with severe punishment to eliminate problem behaviors. 
D)  by suppressing problem behaviors with negative reinforcement. 
A)  by making liberal use of positive reinforcement. 
B)  with mild punishment for problem behaviors. 
C)  with severe punishment to eliminate problem behaviors. 
D)  by suppressing problem behaviors with negative reinforcement.

Question 14

Compared with learning by rote,which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and flexible?

Accepted Answer

A)  discovery learning 
B)  instrumental learning 
C)  respondent conditioning 
D)  shaping 
A)  discovery learning 
B)  instrumental learning 
C)  respondent conditioning 
D)  shaping

Question 15

A dog is placed in a two-compartment cage and is shocked while in one of the compartments.The dog quickly learns to jump to the other compartment.This reflects __________learning.

Accepted Answer

A)  escape 
B)  place 
C)  latent 
D)  respondent 
A)  escape 
B)  place 
C)  latent 
D)  respondent

Question 16

Fatima has developed a habit of taking longer and longer "breaks" to watch TV when she should be studying.Obviously,TV watching is reinforcing her break taking.To improve her study habits,Fatima could delay reinforcement by studying at the library or some other location a good distance from her TV.In this way,she will remove the reinforcement for "taking breaks." This strategy for breaking bad habits is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  modeling. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 17

Marcy has a habit of taking toys from her sister.Which of the following would be the best way for Marcy's parents to correct this bad habit?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ignore this habit since all children go through a phase of intense "sibling rivalry." 
B)  Reprimand her for taking her sister's toys, but reward her for cooperative play and sharing toys with her sister. 
C)  Give her a spanking to immediately eliminate this selfish behavior and then a 30-minute time out to think about her transgression. 
D)  Use a severe response cost that would include giving several of her own toys to her younger sister or to charity. 
A)  Ignore this habit since all children go through a phase of intense "sibling rivalry." 
B)  Reprimand her for taking her sister's toys, but reward her for cooperative play and sharing toys with her sister. 
C)  Give her a spanking to immediately eliminate this selfish behavior and then a 30-minute time out to think about her transgression. 
D)  Use a severe response cost that would include giving several of her own toys to her younger sister or to charity.

Question 18

The principles of which of the following have been adapted for use in behavioral self-management?

Accepted Answer

A)  divergent thinking 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive mapping 
D)  self-hypnosis 
A)  divergent thinking 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  cognitive mapping 
D)  self-hypnosis

Question 19

Greg is trying to read the paper and is becoming very frustrated with his oldest child Tommy,who is making a lot of noise near him,so he "swats" Tommy on his rear end and tells him to be quiet.Later,Tommy is fussing at his younger brother for touching his toys.Greg tells his oldest son to be nice to his little brother.From the learning that took place in these two situations,Tommy will most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  be nice to his younger brother. 
B)  hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated. 
C)  hit his father when he becomes frustrated. 
D)  do none of these. 
A)  be nice to his younger brother. 
B)  hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated. 
C)  hit his father when he becomes frustrated. 
D)  do none of these.

Question 20

Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  self-recording. 
D)  response chaining. 
A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  self-recording. 
D)  response chaining.

Exam 6: C: Conditioning and Learning

Escape learning reflects the operation of

Punishment may be necessary to manage the behavior of a child.Therefore,

Choosing a target behavior,recording a baseline,establishing goals,choosing reinforcers,recording progress,rewarding progress,and adjusting one's plan are the steps making up a procedure known as

Juan likes to play video games,but he also needs to increase his exercise time.So,he decides to only play a video game after he has exercised for 30 minutes.Using video game playing as a reward for exercising illustrates the use of

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?

Regarding the basic tools a person has available to control simple learning,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following is achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another person or by noting the consequences of the person's actions?

A group of primary school students with known television viewing habits were contacted in early adulthood 15 years later.Those students who watched more violence on television as elementary school students

Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned in your textbook for changing bad habits?

Today's eight to 18-year-olds spend an average of over 50 hours per week engaged in various media,including television,video games,movies,the Internet,music,and print media with television alone consuming an average of how many hours of this total?

Avoidance learning appears to involve both

When using the three tools to control behavior,it is usually best to begin

Compared with learning by rote,which of the following produces learning that is more lasting and flexible?

A dog is placed in a two-compartment cage and is shocked while in one of the compartments.The dog quickly learns to jump to the other compartment.This reflects __________learning.

Marcy has a habit of taking toys from her sister.Which of the following would be the best way for Marcy's parents to correct this bad habit?

The principles of which of the following have been adapted for use in behavioral self-management?

Self-management based on keeping records of response frequencies is known as

A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

A: Brain and Behavior

C: Brain and Behavior

A: Human Development

B: Human Development

C: Human Development

D: Human Development

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

A: States of Consciousness

B: States of Consciousness

C: States of Consciousness

D: States of Consciousness

A: Conditioning and Learning

B: Conditioning and Learning

D: Conditioning and Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

A: Cognition,language,and Creativity

B: Cognition,language,and Creativity

C: Cognition,language,and Creativity

A: Intelligence

B: Intelligence

C: Intelligence

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

C: Motivation and Emotion

D: Motivation and Emotion

A: Gender and Sexuality

B: Gender and Sexuality

C: Gender and Sexuality

D: Gender and Sexuality Completion

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

A: Health,stress,and Coping

B: Health,stress,and Coping

C: Health,stress,and Coping

A: Psychological Disorders

B: Psychological Disorders

C: Psychological Disorders

D: Psychological Disorders

A: Therapies

B: Therapies

C: Therapies

D: Therapies

A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

A: Applied Psychology

B: Applied Psychology

C: Applied Psychology

Appendix A: Behavioral Statistics