Question 1

The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used

Accepted Answer

A) independently. 
B) in combination. 
C) randomly across situations. 
D) in succession until one finally works. 
A) independently. 
B) in combination. 
C) randomly across situations. 
D) in succession until one finally works.

Question 2

A tangible secondary reinforcer,such as money,gold stars,or poker chips,that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities is referred to as a(n) _______ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A tangible secondary reinforcer,such as money,gold stars,or...

Question 3

Responses are usually suppressed by

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalizations. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) punishment. 
A) stimulus generalizations. 
B) intermittent reinforcement. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) punishment.

Question 4

If you want a child to behave,

Accepted Answer

A) punish disruptive behavior. 
B) praise appropriate behavior. 
C) ignore undesirable behavior. 
D) use all of these in combination. 
A) punish disruptive behavior. 
B) praise appropriate behavior. 
C) ignore undesirable behavior. 
D) use all of these in combination.

Question 5

Escape learning reflects the operation of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) respondent conditioning. 
A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 6

A teacher wants her students to study steadily across the semester.What kind of schedule of reinforcement could she put her quizzes on in order to produce a steady rate of responding,and explain why this schedule would be more successful than the other schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Answer may vary but will probably includ

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a partial schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) continuous interval 
A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) continuous interval

Question 8

Punishment works best when it is

Accepted Answer

A) immediate and consistent. 
B) delayed and mild. 
C) inconsistent and mild. 
D) delayed and intense. 
A) immediate and consistent. 
B) delayed and mild. 
C) inconsistent and mild. 
D) delayed and intense.

Question 9

Pigeons and rats who are reinforced on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they receive a reinforcer and do not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement.This illustrates that these animals are

Accepted Answer

A) "stuck in time." 
B) intuitive thinkers. 
C) cognitive time travelers. 
D) strongly influenced by circadian rhythms that can help or hinder training. 
A) "stuck in time." 
B) intuitive thinkers. 
C) cognitive time travelers. 
D) strongly influenced by circadian rhythms that can help or hinder training.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the conditions leading to the maximum effectiveness of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) Punishment may be delayed,but must follow the response frequently. 
B) Punishment may be delayed,but must be given every time the response occurs. 
C) Punishment must be immediate,but may follow a response only occasionally. 
D) Punishment must be immediate and must be given every time the response occurs. 
A) Punishment may be delayed,but must follow the response frequently. 
B) Punishment may be delayed,but must be given every time the response occurs. 
C) Punishment must be immediate,but may follow a response only occasionally. 
D) Punishment must be immediate and must be given every time the response occurs.

Question 11

Tanya and Bob have found that taking away their teenagers' cell phones or taking away other privileges are effective in reducing any misbehavior.Tanya and Bob are using

Accepted Answer

A) positive punishment. 
B) negative punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) nonreinforcement. 
A) positive punishment. 
B) negative punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) nonreinforcement.

Question 12

Which of the following can either be the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) a punisher. 
C) a primary threat. 
D) discriminative stimuli. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) a punisher. 
C) a primary threat. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 13

Tyler's a 12­year­old child who is frequently punished by his father,often lies about his whereabouts,and stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Tyler is demonstrating avoidance learning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

Accepted Answer

A) continuous and fixed interval. 
B) fixed interval and variable interval. 
C) variable interval and variable ratio. 
D) fixed ratio and variable ratio. 
A) continuous and fixed interval. 
B) fixed interval and variable interval. 
C) variable interval and variable ratio. 
D) fixed ratio and variable ratio.

Question 15

With older children and adults,you can bridge the delay between the misbehavior and the punishment by

Accepted Answer

A) making the punishment more severe. 
B) waiting until the next instance of misbehavior. 
C) clearly stating what act you are punishing. 
D) showing intense anger as you begin the punishment. 
A) making the punishment more severe. 
B) waiting until the next instance of misbehavior. 
C) clearly stating what act you are punishing. 
D) showing intense anger as you begin the punishment.

Question 16

If a person is on a FR-6 schedule,he or she will receive a reinforcer

Accepted Answer

A) continuously. 
B) on the average of every sixth correct response. 
C) after making exactly six correct responses. 
D) six times for every correct response. 
A) continuously. 
B) on the average of every sixth correct response. 
C) after making exactly six correct responses. 
D) six times for every correct response.

Question 17

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) When rats self-administer nicotine,they are even more likely to engage in intracranial self-stimulation because nicotine further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways. 
B) After the rats had pressed the intracranial self-stimulation lever to exhaustion,they were less likely to press the lever again once they were revived. 
C) Intracranial self-stimulation involves electrical stimulation of the limbic system of the brain. 
D) Intracranial self-stimulation is considered to be a primary reinforcer. 
A) When rats self-administer nicotine,they are even more likely to engage in intracranial self-stimulation because nicotine further increases the sensitivity of the pleasure pathways. 
B) After the rats had pressed the intracranial self-stimulation lever to exhaustion,they were less likely to press the lever again once they were revived. 
C) Intracranial self-stimulation involves electrical stimulation of the limbic system of the brain. 
D) Intracranial self-stimulation is considered to be a primary reinforcer.

Question 18

Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement being given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio 
A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio

Question 19

Responses are strengthened by

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement. 
B) nonreinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) all of these. 
A) reinforcement. 
B) nonreinforcement. 
C) punishment. 
D) all of these.

Question 20

When people engage in various forms of gambling,they can play these "games of chance" uninterrupted for long periods of time because they are being reinforced on which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) partial 
B) continuous 
C) fixed interval 
D) fixed ratio 
A) partial 
B) continuous 
C) fixed interval 
D) fixed ratio

Exam 31: Conditioning and Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment

The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used

A tangible secondary reinforcer,such as money,gold stars,or poker chips,that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities is referred to as a(n) _______ reinforcer.

Responses are usually suppressed by

If you want a child to behave,

Escape learning reflects the operation of

A teacher wants her students to study steadily across the semester.What kind of schedule of reinforcement could she put her quizzes on in order to produce a steady rate of responding,and explain why this schedule would be more successful than the other schedules of reinforcement?

Which of the following is NOT a partial schedule of reinforcement?

Punishment works best when it is

Pigeons and rats who are reinforced on fixed interval schedules stop responding immediately after they receive a reinforcer and do not start again until just before the next scheduled reinforcement.This illustrates that these animals are

Which of the following best describes the conditions leading to the maximum effectiveness of punishment?

Tanya and Bob have found that taking away their teenagers' cell phones or taking away other privileges are effective in reducing any misbehavior.Tanya and Bob are using

Which of the following can either be the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs?

Tyler's a 12­year­old child who is frequently punished by his father,often lies about his whereabouts,and stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Tyler is demonstrating avoidance learning.

Two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

With older children and adults,you can bridge the delay between the misbehavior and the punishment by

If a person is on a FR-6 schedule,he or she will receive a reinforcer

Regarding the experiments using intracranial self-stimulation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement being given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response?

Responses are strengthened by

When people engage in various forms of gambling,they can play these "games of chance" uninterrupted for long periods of time because they are being reinforced on which type of reinforcement schedule?

Introduction

How to Study Psychology

Introducing Psychology: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

Introducing Psychology: Psychology Then and Now

Introducing Psychology: the Psychology Experiment

Introducing Psychology: Non-Experimental Research Methods

Psychology in Action: Thinking Critically About the Media

Brain and Behavior: Neurons and the Nervous System

Brain and Behavior: Brain Research

Brain and Behavior: Hemispheres and Lobes of the Cortex

Brain and Behavior: Sub-Cortex and Endocrine System

Psychology in Action: Handedness

Human Development: Heredity and Environment

Human Development: Emotional and Social Development in Childhood

Human Development: Language and Cognitive Development in Childhood

Human Development: Adolescence and Adulthood

Psychology in Action: Well-Being and Happiness

Sensation and Perception: Sensory Processes

Sensation and Perception: Vision

Sensation and Perception: The Other Senses

Sensation and Perception: Perceptual Processes

Sensation and Perception: Perception and Objectivity

Psychology in Action: Extrasensory Perception

Consciousness: States of Consciousness

Consciousness: Sleep and Dreams

Consciousness: Psychoactive Drugs

Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams

Conditioning and Learning: Types of Learning

Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

Conditioning and Learning: Operant Conditioning

Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management

Memory: Memory Systems

Memory: Forgetting

Memory: Exceptional Memory and Improving Memory

Psychology in Action: Mnemonics

Cognition and Intelligence: Imagery, Concepts, and Language

Cognition and Intelligence: Problem Solving

Cognition and Intelligence: Creative Thinking and Intuition

Cognition and Intelligence: Intelligence

Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity

Motivation and Emotion: Overview of Motives and Emotions

Motivation and Emotion: Motivation in Detail

Motivation and Emotion: Emotion in Detail

Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence

Human Sexuality: Sexual Development and Orientation

Human Sexuality: Gender Development, Androgyny, and Gender Variance

Human Sexuality: Sexual Behavior, Response, and Attitudes

Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems

Personality: Overview of Personality

Personality: Trait Theories

Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

Personality: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Psychology in Action: Understanding Shyness

Health, Stress, and Coping: Health Psychology

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress, Frustration, and Conflict

Health, Stress, and Coping: Defenses, Helplessness, and Depression

Health, Stress, and Coping: Stress and Health

Psychology in Action: Stress Management

Psychological Disorders: Normality and Psychopathology

Tyler's a 12yearold child who is frequently punished by his father,often lies about his whereabouts,and stays at a friend's house rather than going home.Tyler is demonstrating avoidance learning.