Exam 7: Section 4: Learning

The strategies of highlighting material, rereading it, and summarizing it have been shown to be of moderate utility as a study technique.

The central nucleus of the amygdala is critical for emotional conditioning.

A textile worker who is paid by the piece for the number of shirts sewn is on a fixed ratio schedule.

Pigeons have been taught to discriminate paintings by Monet from paintings by Picasso.

Spontaneous recovery after extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not operant conditioning.

Both positive reinforcement and positive punishment involve the presentation of a stimulus when a behavior occurs.

Behavior maintained under an intermittent schedule of reinforcement is more difficult to extinguish than behavior maintained under a continuous schedule of reinforcement.

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the sound of a bell.

Edward Chace Tolman argued that stimuli set up a cognitive expectation that a response will produce a reinforcer.

Pavlov's dogs, which were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a metronome, also may salivate at the sound of a ticking clock, illustrating spontaneous recovery.

Some types of learning begin as explicit but become implicit over time.

Reinforcement under a fixed-ratio schedule is based on a particular average number of responses.

Monkeys, but not pigeons, can learn by observation.

Students intuitively prefer study techniques that are effective.