Exam 1: Section 4 : Psychology: Evolution of a Science

A majority of psychologists today work in clinical or health-related fields.

Today, the Association for Psychological Science (APS) is the largest professional organization of psychologists in the world.

Helmholtz developed introspection as a tool for understanding the structure of consciousness.

In his classic studies on memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus demonstrated that meaningful information is easily forgotten.

B. F. Skinner was a communist who strongly advocated that governments should strip individuals of their personal freedoms.

A psychiatrist has a medical degree.

With the advent of computers, cognitive psychologists began conceptualizing the mind as hardware and the brain as software.

B. F. Skinner believed that humans did not have free will.

John Garcia demonstrated that it is easier for rats to form associations between lights and sickness than scents and sickness.

Frederic Bartlett conceptualized memory as a photographic representation of a past experience.

Maslow and Rogers are regarded as being more optimistic about the human condition than Freud.

John Watson was largely influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov.

René Descartes believed that the brain and the mind are fundamentally the same thing.

Margaret Floy Washburn was an early female behaviorist who denied the existence of animal minds.

Wilhelm Wundt first used reaction time to measure the speed of a nervous impulse.

Behavioral neuroscience is a field of psychology that attempts to understand the links between the mind and the brain.

Introspection as a scientific method failed because it did not generate replicable observations.

Today, most members of the American Psychological Association work in academic settings.

Plato believed that certain types of knowledge are innate or inborn.

Counseling psychologists usually focus on psychological issues that occur in the workplace.