Exam 5: Learning

One way to help bridge the gap between the present moment and the attainment of a long-range goal is to focus on the delayed reinforcer by imagining yourself attaining the ultimate goal.

Your dog tends to salivate and get excited when you shake a box of dog biscuits. However, your dog does not drool when you shake a bag of cat food. This is an example of stimulus generalization.

Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Sharon becomes nauseated at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is _____.

Tolman referred to learning that is not immediately demonstrated in observable behavior as latent learning.

Standing at the curb, you wait for the Don't Walk crossing signal to change to Walk. Using operant conditioning terms, the Don't Walk/Walk crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.

According to B. F. Skinner, "A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him."

Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction.

Identify three species of animals that have shown evidence of observational learning. Describe one study that provided evidence of observational learning in animals.

Whenever the phone rings, young Daniel always runs over and answers it. In this situation the ringing phone is a _____ for Daniel's response.

According to your text, the phenomenon of learned helplessness has been demonstrated in:

Edward C. Tolman is credited with discovering the phenomenon called learned helplessness, which led him to claim that all learning involves cognitive expectations of success or failure.

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

Studies have found that adolescents who watched a great number of television programs with a high level of sexual content:

To avoid being stung by mosquitoes, you spray yourself with insect repellant before you start hiking through the woods. This is an example of negative reinforcement.

Tolman's research confirmed the traditional behaviorist view that rats merely memorize a sequence of left-right responses when they learn to run a maze.

Ivan conditioned his pet bloodhound, Watson, to drool every time the doorbell rang. After a few weeks, he got tired of mopping up the puddle of drool by his front door, so he repeatedly rang the doorbell without pairing the sound with food. Eventually, the process of _____ occurred, and Watson stopped drooling every time the doorbell rang.

A group of rats was run through a maze for 12 days. On days 1 through 10, there was no food reward at the end of the maze, and the rats made many errors as they slowly moved through the maze. On day 11, researchers placed a food reward at the end of the maze. With the food reward in place, the rats ran the maze very quickly and with few errors. According to psychologist _____, this experiment demonstrated a phenomenon called _____.

Unbeknownst to the rest of the world, Roger was wearing green underwear when he aced his calculus test at the beginning of the semester. Ever since, Roger always wears green underwear on test days in his college classes. In operant conditioning terms, Roger's superstitious behavior is the result of:

B. F. Skinner extended his ideas regarding operant conditioning to human behavior and social problems. He wrote about these views in his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Skinner's views as asserted in his book?

The different schedules of reinforcement produce different patterns of responding. In the graph shown, which pattern represents the highest rate of responding?