Question 1

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

Accepted Answer

A)  that the bell reliably signaled that food would follow 
B)  a reflexive association between a ringing bell and food 
C)  that salivating at the sound of a bell would be reinforced by food 
D)  learned helplessness because of being restrained by the harness 
A)  that the bell reliably signaled that food would follow 
B)  a reflexive association between a ringing bell and food 
C)  that salivating at the sound of a bell would be reinforced by food 
D)  learned helplessness because of being restrained by the harness

Question 2

A movement called gamification advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The textbook describes a movement called gamification that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors. What is a potential danger of gamification according to the textbook?

Accepted Answer

A)  Marketing professionals are already studying ways to use gamification to influence consumer preferences and buying decisions. 
B)  Gamification is based on the traditional prescientific view of human behavior and will lead to the de-evolution of society. 
C)  The principles of operant conditioning only work on animals, and applying operant conditioning to human beings can result in unforeseen consequences. 
D)  Gamification is likely to promote the traditional American ideals of personal responsibility, individual freedom, and self-determination. 
A)  Marketing professionals are already studying ways to use gamification to influence consumer preferences and buying decisions. 
B)  Gamification is based on the traditional prescientific view of human behavior and will lead to the de-evolution of society. 
C)  The principles of operant conditioning only work on animals, and applying operant conditioning to human beings can result in unforeseen consequences. 
D)  Gamification is likely to promote the traditional American ideals of personal responsibility, individual freedom, and self-determination.

Question 4

Marlene intentionally parks her new sports car away from other cars in parking lots in order to keep her new car from getting dinged and chipped. In this example, negative reinforcement is occurring.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

A Skinner box, or operant chamber, is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  type of puzzle box used to investigate the law of effect and trial and error learning. 
B)  experimental apparatus used to study the relationship between active behaviors and their consequences. 
C)  maze with a start box and a goal box used to study the formation of cognitive maps and latent learning. 
D)  room with one way-mirrors used in observational learning research. 
A)  type of puzzle box used to investigate the law of effect and trial and error learning. 
B)  experimental apparatus used to study the relationship between active behaviors and their consequences. 
C)  maze with a start box and a goal box used to study the formation of cognitive maps and latent learning. 
D)  room with one way-mirrors used in observational learning research.

Question 6

In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:

Accepted Answer

A)  used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in the infant. 
B)  did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. 
C)  were criticized for their conclusions because the infant was fearful of many different objects before the study began. 
D)  successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects. 
A)  used changes in heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure as their operational definition of fear in the infant. 
B)  did not extinguish the conditioned emotional reaction in the infant. 
C)  were criticized for their conclusions because the infant was fearful of many different objects before the study began. 
D)  successfully removed the infant's conditioned fear of furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Question 7

Education-entertainment programs are designed to fulfill the four conditions required for observational learning to take place: reinforcement, punishment, conditioning, and memory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

After a series of setbacks, Evan gave up and dropped out of college. This pattern of behavior is called instinctive drift.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students' anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students' anxiety may be attributed to the process of:

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 10

Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course. No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test. Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class. Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  the partial reinforcement effect. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  biological preparedness. 
D)  learned helplessness. 
A)  the partial reinforcement effect. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  biological preparedness. 
D)  learned helplessness.

Question 11

Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. 
B)  learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. 
C)  rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns. 
D)  continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. 
A)  reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. 
B)  learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. 
C)  rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns. 
D)  continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur.

Question 12

Six-year-old Blair liked going to school right up until her first-grade teacher, Ms. Hanemayer, took maternity leave. The substitute teacher, old Mrs. Snarly, was strict and scolded Blair on several occasions, making her cry. On one Saturday morning as Blair was helping her father with grocery shopping, she suddenly came face to face with old Mrs. Snarly. Blair instantly burst into tears. Blair's crying at just the sight of Mrs. Snarly is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  an unconditioned response. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  a conditioned response. 
A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  an unconditioned response. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  a conditioned response.

Question 13

One practical application of taste aversion research is that predators in the wild, such as wolves and coyotes, can be conditioned to lose their taste for livestock.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Katie loves strong coffee and cheerfully admits that she depends on caffeine to help her wake up every day. One morning, her husband serves her two cups of decaffeinated coffee without telling her. Nevertheless, she still feels more alert after drinking the decaffeinated coffee. Katie's alertness after drinking decaffeinated coffee is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  example of higher order conditioning. 
B)  example of latent learning. 
C)  operantly conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee and other discriminative stimuli. 
D)  classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee and other associated stimuli. 
A)  example of higher order conditioning. 
B)  example of latent learning. 
C)  operantly conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee and other discriminative stimuli. 
D)  classically conditioned response to the taste and smell of coffee and other associated stimuli.

Question 15

The prologue to Chapter 5 describes the story of Erv, whose wife Fern accidentally locks him in the attic. Because of the incident, Erv now experiences a conditioned emotional reaction of fear whenever he must go up in the attic. Erv's initial entrapment in the airtight attic represents the _____, and the fear he experienced on that first occasion represents the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
A)  conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Question 16

On average, American youth witness 1,000 rapes, murders, and assaults on television annually.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  sometimes; never 
B)  always; sometimes 
C)  sometimes; always 
D)  never; always 
A)  sometimes; never 
B)  always; sometimes 
C)  sometimes; always 
D)  never; always

Question 18

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

Accepted Answer

A)  depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 
B)  involves learning to associate any two responses that occur closely in time. 
C)  depends on developing an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  involves learning to associate a behavior with its consequence. 
A)  depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 
B)  involves learning to associate any two responses that occur closely in time. 
C)  depends on developing an understanding of the similarities between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  involves learning to associate a behavior with its consequence.

Question 19

_____ developed a program to teach "learned optimism" as a way of overcoming feelings of helplessness, habitual pessimism, and depression.

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  John Garcia 
C)  Martin Seligman 
D)  Robert Rescorla 
A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  John Garcia 
C)  Martin Seligman 
D)  Robert Rescorla

Question 20

When competitive swimmers stay focused on their practice techniques during swim team practice, their coach rewards them by playing popular music over the loudspeakers in the pool area. When they are inattentive or start goofing off, the coach plays recordings of gloomy, off-key organ music. In this example, the coach is using _____ to help his swimmers stay focused.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological preparedness 
B)  latent learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  behavior modification 
A)  biological preparedness 
B)  latent learning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  behavior modification

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

A movement called gamification advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors.

The textbook describes a movement called gamification that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors. What is a potential danger of gamification according to the textbook?

Marlene intentionally parks her new sports car away from other cars in parking lots in order to keep her new car from getting dinged and chipped. In this example, negative reinforcement is occurring.

A Skinner box, or operant chamber, is a(n):

In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:

Education-entertainment programs are designed to fulfill the four conditions required for observational learning to take place: reinforcement, punishment, conditioning, and memory.

After a series of setbacks, Evan gave up and dropped out of college. This pattern of behavior is called instinctive drift.

Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course. No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test. Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class. Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of:

Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:

One practical application of taste aversion research is that predators in the wild, such as wolves and coyotes, can be conditioned to lose their taste for livestock.

On average, American youth witness 1,000 rapes, murders, and assaults on television annually.

Partial reinforcement is to _ as continuous reinforcement is to _.

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

_____ developed a program to teach "learned optimism" as a way of overcoming feelings of helplessness, habitual pessimism, and depression.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Exam 5: Learning

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to respond to the ringing of a bell with salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

A movement called gamification advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors.

The textbook describes a movement called gamification that advocates turning daily life into a kind of virtual reality game, in which points or other conditioned reinforcers are awarded to reward healthy or productive behaviors. What is a potential danger of gamification according to the textbook?

Marlene intentionally parks her new sports car away from other cars in parking lots in order to keep her new car from getting dinged and chipped. In this example, negative reinforcement is occurring.

A Skinner box, or operant chamber, is a(n):

In the famous study of "Little Albert," John Watson and Rosalie Rayner:

Education-entertainment programs are designed to fulfill the four conditions required for observational learning to take place: reinforcement, punishment, conditioning, and memory.

After a series of setbacks, Evan gave up and dropped out of college. This pattern of behavior is called instinctive drift.

Roy is having trouble passing his calculus course. No matter how hard he studies, he cannot seem to pass a calculus test. Eventually, Roy gives up and stops studying or even coming to calculus class. Roy's behavior can be explained as an example of:

Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:

One practical application of taste aversion research is that predators in the wild, such as wolves and coyotes, can be conditioned to lose their taste for livestock.

On average, American youth witness 1,000 rapes, murders, and assaults on television annually.

Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

_____ developed a program to teach "learned optimism" as a way of overcoming feelings of helplessness, habitual pessimism, and depression.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Partial reinforcement is to _ as continuous reinforcement is to _.