Question 1

The ability to learn new behaviors is essential to the survival of all animal species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class. 
B)  Charlene is picked up and cuddled whenever she has a temper tantrum. 
C)  Shane and Jason have to stay after school because they had a fight at the start of class in the morning. 
D)  Because of her defiant behavior, Lana's teacher tells her that she will not be eligible to get gold stars or stickers for her homework. 
A)  Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class. 
B)  Charlene is picked up and cuddled whenever she has a temper tantrum. 
C)  Shane and Jason have to stay after school because they had a fight at the start of class in the morning. 
D)  Because of her defiant behavior, Lana's teacher tells her that she will not be eligible to get gold stars or stickers for her homework.

Question 3

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:

Accepted Answer

A)  active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. 
B)  the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. 
C)  involuntary behaviors subject to the laws of learning that operate independently. 
D)  the relationship between behaviors and the conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors. 
A)  active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences. 
B)  the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer. 
C)  involuntary behaviors subject to the laws of learning that operate independently. 
D)  the relationship between behaviors and the conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors.

Question 4

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant; B. F. Skinner 
B)  classical; John B. Watson 
C)  operant; Edward L. Thorndike 
D)  classical; Ivan Pavlov 
A)  operant; B. F. Skinner 
B)  classical; John B. Watson 
C)  operant; Edward L. Thorndike 
D)  classical; Ivan Pavlov

Question 5

Who formulated the law of effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  John B. Watson 
C)  Edward L. Thorndike 
D)  Ivan Pavlov 
A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  John B. Watson 
C)  Edward L. Thorndike 
D)  Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

Only humans have the mental ability to develop the cognitive expectation that their behavior will have no effect on the environment. Thus, only humans can develop learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Blake is determined to graduate from college with honors. His final exam is tomorrow, but as he is studying, a friend calls and invites him to a party. Blake really wants to go to the party and decides that he will get up early to study for his final exam before class. Based on what you read in the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section, why does Blake decide to go to the party?

Accepted Answer

A)  Social interaction is more important to Blake than getting good grades. 
B)  The value of the short-term reinforcer (going to the party) momentarily outweighs the value of the long-term reinforcer (graduating with honors). 
C)  Blake understands that self-reinforcement is more effective when applied before the operant. 
D)  Blake knows that he can rely on latent learning to ace the final exam. 
A)  Social interaction is more important to Blake than getting good grades. 
B)  The value of the short-term reinforcer (going to the party) momentarily outweighs the value of the long-term reinforcer (graduating with honors). 
C)  Blake understands that self-reinforcement is more effective when applied before the operant. 
D)  Blake knows that he can rely on latent learning to ace the final exam.

Question 8

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-term reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reward yourself with the short-term reinforcer before you perform the behaviors that will lead to reinforcement in the long term. 
B)  Focus your attention on the delayed, long-term reinforcer. 
C)  Strengthen your resolve by surrounding yourself with stimuli that remind you of the short-term reinforcer. 
D)  Avoid making an advance commitment to the long-term goal and adopt a flexible approach to maximizing available reinforcement. 
A)  Reward yourself with the short-term reinforcer before you perform the behaviors that will lead to reinforcement in the long term. 
B)  Focus your attention on the delayed, long-term reinforcer. 
C)  Strengthen your resolve by surrounding yourself with stimuli that remind you of the short-term reinforcer. 
D)  Avoid making an advance commitment to the long-term goal and adopt a flexible approach to maximizing available reinforcement.

Question 9

Exposure to uncontrollable aversive events from which you cannot escape can produce passive behavior, called learned helplessness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

It is frequently effective to overreinforce a problem behavior until the reinforcer loses its reinforcing value and the behavior decreases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

According to Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology: Using Learning Principles to Improve Self-Control, as the availability of a reinforcer draws closer, its subjective value:

Accepted Answer

A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains constant. 
D)  cannot be predicted. 
A)  increases. 
B)  decreases. 
C)  remains constant. 
D)  cannot be predicted.

Question 12

After leaving academia, John Watson worked for an advertising agency and used classical conditioning principles to develop advertisements for such products as Maxwell House coffee and Camel cigarettes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  biological preparedness. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  the law of effect. 
A)  biological preparedness. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  the law of effect.

Question 14

To motivate people to change, education-entertainment programs depict the benefits of the behaviors they model.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What is the partial reinforcement effect, what is extinction in operant conditioning, and what is the relationship between partial reinforcement, continuous reinforcement, and extinction?

Accepted Answer

The partial reinforcement effect refers

Question 16

Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws is a thriller about a great white shark terrorizing tourists at a local beach. For each shark sighting, eerie music began playing just before the shark's appearance. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience, even if the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response (UCR). 
B)  conditioned response (CR). 
C)  conditioned stimulus (CS). 
D)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS). 
A)  unconditioned response (UCR). 
B)  conditioned response (CR). 
C)  conditioned stimulus (CS). 
D)  unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 17

The shuttlebox is used in an operant conditioning procedure to investigate learned helplessness in dogs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. 
B)  By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. 
C)  Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others. 
D)  Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes. 
A)  Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. 
B)  By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. 
C)  Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others. 
D)  Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes.

Question 19

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors 
B)  responses emitted by organisms; responses elicited by unconditioned stimuli 
C)  responses acquired through observational learning; responses acquired through imitation 
D)  voluntary behaviors; reflexive behaviors 
A)  reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors 
B)  responses emitted by organisms; responses elicited by unconditioned stimuli 
C)  responses acquired through observational learning; responses acquired through imitation 
D)  voluntary behaviors; reflexive behaviors

Question 20

Based on his studies of cats that tried to escape a puzzle box, Edward L. Thorndike became convinced that animals use reasoning abilities and problem-solving thought processes that are very similar to those of humans.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

The ability to learn new behaviors is essential to the survival of all animal species.

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _.

Who formulated the law of effect?

Only humans have the mental ability to develop the cognitive expectation that their behavior will have no effect on the environment. Thus, only humans can develop learned helplessness.

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-term reinforcer?

Exposure to uncontrollable aversive events from which you cannot escape can produce passive behavior, called learned helplessness.

It is frequently effective to overreinforce a problem behavior until the reinforcer loses its reinforcing value and the behavior decreases.

According to Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology: Using Learning Principles to Improve Self-Control, as the availability of a reinforcer draws closer, its subjective value:

After leaving academia, John Watson worked for an advertising agency and used classical conditioning principles to develop advertisements for such products as Maxwell House coffee and Camel cigarettes.

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:

To motivate people to change, education-entertainment programs depict the benefits of the behaviors they model.

What is the partial reinforcement effect, what is extinction in operant conditioning, and what is the relationship between partial reinforcement, continuous reinforcement, and extinction?

The shuttlebox is used in an operant conditioning procedure to investigate learned helplessness in dogs.

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves _, while operant conditioning involves _.

Based on his studies of cats that tried to escape a puzzle box, Edward L. Thorndike became convinced that animals use reasoning abilities and problem-solving thought processes that are very similar to those of humans.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Exam 5: Learning

The ability to learn new behaviors is essential to the survival of all animal species.

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

Who formulated the law of effect?

Only humans have the mental ability to develop the cognitive expectation that their behavior will have no effect on the environment. Thus, only humans can develop learned helplessness.

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-term reinforcer?

Exposure to uncontrollable aversive events from which you cannot escape can produce passive behavior, called learned helplessness.

It is frequently effective to overreinforce a problem behavior until the reinforcer loses its reinforcing value and the behavior decreases.

According to Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology: Using Learning Principles to Improve Self-Control, as the availability of a reinforcer draws closer, its subjective value:

After leaving academia, John Watson worked for an advertising agency and used classical conditioning principles to develop advertisements for such products as Maxwell House coffee and Camel cigarettes.

The notion that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses is termed:

To motivate people to change, education-entertainment programs depict the benefits of the behaviors they model.

What is the partial reinforcement effect, what is extinction in operant conditioning, and what is the relationship between partial reinforcement, continuous reinforcement, and extinction?

The shuttlebox is used in an operant conditioning procedure to investigate learned helplessness in dogs.

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves _____, while operant conditioning involves _____.

Based on his studies of cats that tried to escape a puzzle box, Edward L. Thorndike became convinced that animals use reasoning abilities and problem-solving thought processes that are very similar to those of humans.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photographs of beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _.

Classical conditioning involves _, while operant conditioning involves _.