Question 1

Tolman demonstrated that learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement or other consequences-a phenomenon he called latent learning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Pavlov classically conditioned a dog to salivate at the sound of a tone. He then repeatedly paired the tone with another stimulus, a bell. Later, when he rang the bell the dog salivated, even though the bell had never been paired with food. This example illustrates higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Based on a review of more than 30 years of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing entertainment violence:

Accepted Answer

A)  was associated with lower cognitive performance and negative social behavior in African American males but not in white males. 
B)  can lead to a decrease in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. 
C)  was associated with lower cognitive performance and negative social behavior in white males and females but not in African American males and females. 
D)  can lead to an increase in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. 
A)  was associated with lower cognitive performance and negative social behavior in African American males but not in white males. 
B)  can lead to a decrease in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors. 
C)  was associated with lower cognitive performance and negative social behavior in white males and females but not in African American males and females. 
D)  can lead to an increase in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors.

Question 4

Puppies who had seen their mothers locate and retrieve the packets of narcotics were significantly better at performing the same task three months later than were puppies who had not seen adult dogs perform this behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 5

What is the law of effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  The law of effect was a notion, suggested by Marion and Keller Breland, explaining how instinctual behaviors affect how wild animals learn new behaviors. 
B)  The law of effect was the theoretical model, suggested by John B. Watson, describing the effect of fear on infants. 
C)  The law of effect was the basic rule that Albert Bandura used to explain how imitation occurs in a wide variety of social situations. 
D)  The law of effect was a principle, formulated by Edward Thorndike, that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences. 
A)  The law of effect was a notion, suggested by Marion and Keller Breland, explaining how instinctual behaviors affect how wild animals learn new behaviors. 
B)  The law of effect was the theoretical model, suggested by John B. Watson, describing the effect of fear on infants. 
C)  The law of effect was the basic rule that Albert Bandura used to explain how imitation occurs in a wide variety of social situations. 
D)  The law of effect was a principle, formulated by Edward Thorndike, that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences.

Question 6

Discuss some of the ways that the idea of learned helplessness has been applied to human behavior, and how learned helplessness can be overcome in academic settings.

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a psychological

Question 7

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

Accepted Answer

A)  The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior. 
B)  All other operant responses were punished. 
C)  The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment. 
D)  The behavior they needed to learn was too complex for dogs to perform. 
A)  The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior. 
B)  All other operant responses were punished. 
C)  The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment. 
D)  The behavior they needed to learn was too complex for dogs to perform.

Question 8

Edward L. Thorndike conducted the famous puzzle box studies with cats.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The fifth time that Tyler was late for school, he was given a detention. However, the following day he was late for school again. In this situation it is likely that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Tyler has been negatively reinforced for being late for school. 
B)  detention is an effective form of punishment, and Tyler's behavior will eventually change. 
C)  punishment has not occurred, because the operant response of being late for school was not suppressed. 
D)  Tyler has not formed a cognitive map of the shortest route to school and consequently takes the long way and is frequently late. 
A)  Tyler has been negatively reinforced for being late for school. 
B)  detention is an effective form of punishment, and Tyler's behavior will eventually change. 
C)  punishment has not occurred, because the operant response of being late for school was not suppressed. 
D)  Tyler has not formed a cognitive map of the shortest route to school and consequently takes the long way and is frequently late.

Question 10

According to Albert Bandura, the four factors that are necessary for observational learning to occur are:

Accepted Answer

A)  attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation. 
B)  attention, conditioning, cognition, and reinforcement. 
C)  reinforcement, operant, stimulus discrimination, and imitation. 
D)  stimulus, response, conditioning, and consequence. 
A)  attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation. 
B)  attention, conditioning, cognition, and reinforcement. 
C)  reinforcement, operant, stimulus discrimination, and imitation. 
D)  stimulus, response, conditioning, and consequence.

Question 11

B. F. Skinner strongly advocated the use of punishment to modify behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?

Accepted Answer

A)  "John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur." 
B)  "Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning." 
C)  "John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors." 
D)  "Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value." 
A)  "John, it is the timing of the stimuli that determines if classical conditioning will occur." 
B)  "Animals cannot process information but people can, and that explains the differences between animals and people in classical conditioning." 
C)  "John, there is no need to assess the information that the conditioned stimulus provides since classical conditioning only occurs with reflexive behaviors." 
D)  "Organisms actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and determine if the stimulus has predictive value."

Question 13

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus 
C)  neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
A)  conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus 
C)  neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Question 14

If a classically conditioned dog salivates not just to the original tone, but also to a higher-pitched and a lower-pitched tone, the process of stimulus discrimination has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Howard's cat meows incessantly, and Howard frequently, but not always, gives in and feeds her. Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing. When Howard initiates this extinction procedure, what is likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cat's meowing will quickly stop altogether. 
B)  The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, but then it will increase. 
C)  The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, but then it will decrease. 
D)  The cat will leave and find a new home. 
A)  The cat's meowing will quickly stop altogether. 
B)  The cat's meowing will temporarily decrease, but then it will increase. 
C)  The cat's meowing will temporarily increase, but then it will decrease. 
D)  The cat will leave and find a new home.

Question 16

Define punishment, describe the two types of punishment, and explain the drawbacks of using punishment.

Accepted Answer

Punishment can be defined as a penalty i

Question 17

A supervisor reprimands an employee for wearing jeans to work. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  higher order conditioning. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment. 
A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  higher order conditioning. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment.

Question 18

Robert Rescorla views classical conditioning as a process that involves the active processing of information about stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Pick two of the four basic schedules of reinforcement, describe them, and give at least one example of the reinforcement schedule operating in daily life.

Accepted Answer

Two of the four basic schedules of reinf

Question 20

Jake is a recovering alcoholic. He has not had a drink of alcohol in over 6 months. One of the strategies that Jake has used to remain abstinent has been to stay away from bars, avoid parties at which alcohol is served, and even find new friends who do not drink alcohol. Jake is overcoming the short-term reinforcement he associated with alcohol use by using:

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement delay. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  motivational commitment. 
D)  stimulus control. 
A)  reinforcement delay. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  motivational commitment. 
D)  stimulus control.

Tolman demonstrated that learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement or other consequences-a phenomenon he called latent learning.

Based on a review of more than 30 years of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing entertainment violence:

Puppies who had seen their mothers locate and retrieve the packets of narcotics were significantly better at performing the same task three months later than were puppies who had not seen adult dogs perform this behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

What is the law of effect?

Discuss some of the ways that the idea of learned helplessness has been applied to human behavior, and how learned helplessness can be overcome in academic settings.

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

Edward L. Thorndike conducted the famous puzzle box studies with cats.

The fifth time that Tyler was late for school, he was given a detention. However, the following day he was late for school again. In this situation it is likely that:

According to Albert Bandura, the four factors that are necessary for observational learning to occur are:

B. F. Skinner strongly advocated the use of punishment to modify behavior.

If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _ before conditioning and the _ after conditioning.

If a classically conditioned dog salivates not just to the original tone, but also to a higher-pitched and a lower-pitched tone, the process of stimulus discrimination has occurred.

Howard's cat meows incessantly, and Howard frequently, but not always, gives in and feeds her. Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing. When Howard initiates this extinction procedure, what is likely to happen?

Define punishment, describe the two types of punishment, and explain the drawbacks of using punishment.

A supervisor reprimands an employee for wearing jeans to work. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:

Robert Rescorla views classical conditioning as a process that involves the active processing of information about stimuli.

Pick two of the four basic schedules of reinforcement, describe them, and give at least one example of the reinforcement schedule operating in daily life.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

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Exam 5: Learning

Tolman demonstrated that learning may take place in the absence of reinforcement or other consequences-a phenomenon he called latent learning.

Based on a review of more than 30 years of research, the American Psychological Association and other public health organizations stated that viewing entertainment violence:

Puppies who had seen their mothers locate and retrieve the packets of narcotics were significantly better at performing the same task three months later than were puppies who had not seen adult dogs perform this behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

What is the law of effect?

Discuss some of the ways that the idea of learned helplessness has been applied to human behavior, and how learned helplessness can be overcome in academic settings.

The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?

Edward L. Thorndike conducted the famous puzzle box studies with cats.

The fifth time that Tyler was late for school, he was given a detention. However, the following day he was late for school again. In this situation it is likely that:

According to Albert Bandura, the four factors that are necessary for observational learning to occur are:

B. F. Skinner strongly advocated the use of punishment to modify behavior.

If Robert Rescorla were having a conversation with John B. Watson, what would Rescorla tell Watson?

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.

If a classically conditioned dog salivates not just to the original tone, but also to a higher-pitched and a lower-pitched tone, the process of stimulus discrimination has occurred.

Howard's cat meows incessantly, and Howard frequently, but not always, gives in and feeds her. Howard decides to stop reinforcing this problem behavior, so he ignores his cat whenever the cat starts meowing. When Howard initiates this extinction procedure, what is likely to happen?

Define punishment, describe the two types of punishment, and explain the drawbacks of using punishment.

A supervisor reprimands an employee for wearing jeans to work. From then on, the employee wears a suit and tie to work. This is an example of:

Robert Rescorla views classical conditioning as a process that involves the active processing of information about stimuli.

Pick two of the four basic schedules of reinforcement, describe them, and give at least one example of the reinforcement schedule operating in daily life.

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _ before conditioning and the _ after conditioning.