Exam 5: Learning

Which behavior is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically?

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):

Learning researchers today believe that the principles of classical and operant conditioning are sufficient to explain how all learned behaviors are acquired.

Compare and contrast positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and provide an original example of each.

The manager of a large shopping mall was upset about the groups of rowdy teenagers hanging out by the mall entrance and scaring off his adult customers. He discovered that if he played classical music over the loudspeakers by the door, the teenagers no longer gathered at the entrance. The mall manager's use of classical music to modify the teenagers' behavior is an example of:

According to the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section "Using Learning Principles to Improve Self-Control," to help motivate yourself to finish your history term paper on time, you should:

Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift?

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the conditioned response (CR) in this experimental situation?

Terry wants his young daughter, Lauren, to help him with the housework, so he tells her that she can play on his computer as soon as she finishes doing the dinner dishes and putting away the clean laundry. Terry is using a more preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity. According to the In Focus box "Changing the Behavior of Others," this behavioral strategy is called:

Describe at least three strategies a person can use to change behavior without resorting to punishment.

According to Bandura, what four cognitive processes are necessary for imitation of behavior that has been only observed?

Discuss the prevalence of violence in the media, the association between media violence and aggressive behavior, and the effect of exposure to media violence in the real world. State what conclusions can be drawn from research in this area.

When psychologists have tried to produce conditioned fears in young children to such objects as curtains, wooden ducks, or wooden blocks, they were:

Elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1996, _____ launched a new movement called positive psychology, which emphasized research on human strengths rather than human problems.

B. F. Skinner asserted that the general laws of operant conditioning applied to all animal species. However, psychologists studying operant conditioning, like those studying classical conditioning, found that an animal's natural behavior patterns could influence the learning of new behaviors.

In Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

In Rescorla's experiment described in the text, the rats that received 20 tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone showed the strongest fear response.

Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?

While at the airport, seven-year-old Connor discovered a quarter in the coin return of a pay telephone. Ever since, Connor checks the coin return of any pay telephone he sees. Using operant conditioning terms, positive reinforcement has occurred in this situation.

Gabe got stuck in an elevator in a high-rise office building one morning. Now he refuses to enter an elevator. If entering an elevator is the operant, what type of consequence has altered Gabe's behavior?