Question 1

Describe a study that shows direct evidence of mirror neurons in humans.

Accepted Answer

One study that provides direct evidence

Question 2

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases 
A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases

Question 3

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors. 
B)  Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. 
C)  Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. 
D)  Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and to achieve a more perfect society. 
A)  Skinner advocated that society should be redesigned using principles of operant conditioning to shape desired behaviors. 
B)  Skinner believed that environmental conditions cause criminal and other undesirable behaviors in society. 
C)  Skinner believed that notions such as a person having free will and self-determination are really just illusions. 
D)  Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and to achieve a more perfect society.

Question 4

In a series of studies, Thorndike put hungry cats into specially constructed cages called puzzle boxes. He placed plates of food just outside the cages where the cats could see and smell them. At the end of his studies, Thorndike concluded that the cats:

Accepted Answer

A)  were able to escape quickly because of their insight and reasoning abilities. 
B)  were classically conditioned to fear the puzzle boxes. 
C)  were classically conditioned to salivate at the sight of the puzzle boxes. 
D)  used trial and error to escape from the puzzle boxes. 
A)  were able to escape quickly because of their insight and reasoning abilities. 
B)  were classically conditioned to fear the puzzle boxes. 
C)  were classically conditioned to salivate at the sight of the puzzle boxes. 
D)  used trial and error to escape from the puzzle boxes.

Question 5

For a regular-coffee drinker, the sight, smell, and taste of coffee are the original neutral stimulus, which, after being paired with caffeine (the UCS), eventually become conditioned stimuli and produce the conditioned response (CR) of increased arousal and alertness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Precommitment is the strategy of rewarding yourself before you perform a behavior that is likely to lead to a long-term goal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

After Peter uses bad language to get a laugh from other children, his teacher sends him to a quiet area, free of distractions and social contact, for a short time. In the In Focus box "Changing the Behavior of Others," this strategy is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  the time-out from positive reinforcement procedure. 
D)  the reinforcement of incompatible behavior strategy. 
A)  the Premack principle. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  the time-out from positive reinforcement procedure. 
D)  the reinforcement of incompatible behavior strategy.

Question 8

Research has shown that media violence can contribute to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Although John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) were able to classically condition an emotional reaction in an infant by using extreme measures, such conditioned emotional reactions rarely occur in daily life.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes." 
B)  "The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports." 
C)  "The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions." 
D)  "The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior." 
A)  "Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes." 
B)  "The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports." 
C)  "The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions." 
D)  "The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior."

Question 11

After reviewing decades of research investigating the effects of exposure to media violence, the American Psychological Association and other organizations issued a statement indicating that media violence is unlikely to contribute to aggressive behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A good method to reduce a problem behavior is to reinforce an alternative behavior that is both constructive and incompatible with the problem behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

Accepted Answer

A)  a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response 
B)  a stimulus and a response 
C)  a behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence 
D)  an unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response 
A)  a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response 
B)  a stimulus and a response 
C)  a behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence 
D)  an unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response

Question 14

In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov:

Accepted Answer

A)  believed that the study of classical conditioning should be expanded to investigate how conscious thoughts, perceptions, and other subjective mental states influence the conditioning process. 
B)  did not view psychology as an exact, or precise, science because of its emphasis on studying subjective states of consciousness. 
C)  founded behaviorism as a new school of thought and was elected president of the American Psychological Association. 
D)  began investigating the role of classical conditioning in schizophrenia and other mental disorders. 
A)  believed that the study of classical conditioning should be expanded to investigate how conscious thoughts, perceptions, and other subjective mental states influence the conditioning process. 
B)  did not view psychology as an exact, or precise, science because of its emphasis on studying subjective states of consciousness. 
C)  founded behaviorism as a new school of thought and was elected president of the American Psychological Association. 
D)  began investigating the role of classical conditioning in schizophrenia and other mental disorders.

Question 15

John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on American business. Which statement best describes Watson's influence on American business?

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson demonstrated the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers and behavior modification techniques in improving worker productivity. 
B)  Watson's research on conditioned responses in animals was used to improve veterinary practice and to develop new products for pets and livestock. 
C)  Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products. 
D)  Watson's classical conditioning techniques demonstrated the importance of having employees wear uniforms with the company's logo. 
A)  Watson demonstrated the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers and behavior modification techniques in improving worker productivity. 
B)  Watson's research on conditioned responses in animals was used to improve veterinary practice and to develop new products for pets and livestock. 
C)  Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products. 
D)  Watson's classical conditioning techniques demonstrated the importance of having employees wear uniforms with the company's logo.

Question 16

According to _____, a rat learning to navigate a maze will eventually acquire _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Edward C. Tolman; a cognitive map of the maze 
B)  Martin Seligman; learned helplessness 
C)  John Garcia; a taste aversion to any food eaten in the maze 
D)  Ivan Pavlov; a conditioned emotional response to the maze 
A)  Edward C. Tolman; a cognitive map of the maze 
B)  Martin Seligman; learned helplessness 
C)  John Garcia; a taste aversion to any food eaten in the maze 
D)  Ivan Pavlov; a conditioned emotional response to the maze

Question 17

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment is most effective if it consistently follows a response. 
B)  If punishment is intense, it may produce undesirable results, such as complete passivity or hostility. 
C)  The effects of punishment are often temporary. 
D)  Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. 
A)  Punishment is most effective if it consistently follows a response. 
B)  If punishment is intense, it may produce undesirable results, such as complete passivity or hostility. 
C)  The effects of punishment are often temporary. 
D)  Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate.

Question 18

Edward C. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

Accepted Answer

A)  only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments. 
B)  animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. 
C)  learning will not occur unless behavior is stamped in by a rewarding consequence. 
D)  rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. 
A)  only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments. 
B)  animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. 
C)  learning will not occur unless behavior is stamped in by a rewarding consequence. 
D)  rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Question 19

_____ conducted research to challenge the idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns do not matter and have little or no bearing on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles.

Accepted Answer

A)  Robert Rescorla 
B)  Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Marian and Keller Breland 
A)  Robert Rescorla 
B)  Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Marian and Keller Breland

Question 20

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment affected the performance of a behavior. 
B)  negative reinforcement is less effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior. 
C)  learned helplessness can be overcome through guided mastery experiences. 
D)  even emotional responses can be classically conditioned. 
A)  the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment affected the performance of a behavior. 
B)  negative reinforcement is less effective than positive reinforcement in changing behavior. 
C)  learned helplessness can be overcome through guided mastery experiences. 
D)  even emotional responses can be classically conditioned.

Describe a study that shows direct evidence of mirror neurons in humans.

Positive reinforcement _ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE?

In a series of studies, Thorndike put hungry cats into specially constructed cages called puzzle boxes. He placed plates of food just outside the cages where the cats could see and smell them. At the end of his studies, Thorndike concluded that the cats:

For a regular-coffee drinker, the sight, smell, and taste of coffee are the original neutral stimulus, which, after being paired with caffeine (the UCS), eventually become conditioned stimuli and produce the conditioned response (CR) of increased arousal and alertness.

Precommitment is the strategy of rewarding yourself before you perform a behavior that is likely to lead to a long-term goal.

After Peter uses bad language to get a laugh from other children, his teacher sends him to a quiet area, free of distractions and social contact, for a short time. In the In Focus box "Changing the Behavior of Others," this strategy is called:

Research has shown that media violence can contribute to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior.

Although John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) were able to classically condition an emotional reaction in an infant by using extreme measures, such conditioned emotional reactions rarely occur in daily life.

John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements?

After reviewing decades of research investigating the effects of exposure to media violence, the American Psychological Association and other organizations issued a statement indicating that media violence is unlikely to contribute to aggressive behavior.

A good method to reduce a problem behavior is to reinforce an alternative behavior that is both constructive and incompatible with the problem behavior.

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov:

John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on American business. Which statement best describes Watson's influence on American business?

According to _, a rat learning to navigate a maze will eventually acquire _.

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

Edward C. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

_____ conducted research to challenge the idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns do not matter and have little or no bearing on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles.

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that:

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Exam 5: Learning

Describe a study that shows direct evidence of mirror neurons in humans.

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's view is FALSE?

In a series of studies, Thorndike put hungry cats into specially constructed cages called puzzle boxes. He placed plates of food just outside the cages where the cats could see and smell them. At the end of his studies, Thorndike concluded that the cats:

For a regular-coffee drinker, the sight, smell, and taste of coffee are the original neutral stimulus, which, after being paired with caffeine (the UCS), eventually become conditioned stimuli and produce the conditioned response (CR) of increased arousal and alertness.

Precommitment is the strategy of rewarding yourself before you perform a behavior that is likely to lead to a long-term goal.

After Peter uses bad language to get a laugh from other children, his teacher sends him to a quiet area, free of distractions and social contact, for a short time. In the In Focus box "Changing the Behavior of Others," this strategy is called:

Research has shown that media violence can contribute to increases in aggressive attitudes, values, and behavior.

Although John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) were able to classically condition an emotional reaction in an infant by using extreme measures, such conditioned emotional reactions rarely occur in daily life.

John B. Watson would agree with which of the following statements?

After reviewing decades of research investigating the effects of exposure to media violence, the American Psychological Association and other organizations issued a statement indicating that media violence is unlikely to contribute to aggressive behavior.

A good method to reduce a problem behavior is to reinforce an alternative behavior that is both constructive and incompatible with the problem behavior.

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov:

John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on American business. Which statement best describes Watson's influence on American business?

According to _____, a rat learning to navigate a maze will eventually acquire _____.

Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?

Edward C. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

_____ conducted research to challenge the idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns do not matter and have little or no bearing on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles.

The famous Bobo doll studies showed that:

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Positive reinforcement _ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

According to _, a rat learning to navigate a maze will eventually acquire _.