Question 1

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, exposure to violent media is as important a risk factor for violence as poverty, substance abuse, and poor parenting.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Trisha's three young children frequently argue and fight. To reduce this problem behavior, Trisha sets an appropriate time limit during play time, and if the children refrain from squabbling during that period, they are immediately given positive reinforcement. According to the In Focus box, "Changing the Behavior of Others," this strategy is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment by removal. 
B)  the time-out from positive reinforcement procedure. 
C)  reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior. 
D)  punishment by application. 
A)  punishment by removal. 
B)  the time-out from positive reinforcement procedure. 
C)  reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior. 
D)  punishment by application.

Question 3

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellant before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior . 
C)  extinction. 
D)  negative reinforcement of escape behavior. 
A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior . 
C)  extinction. 
D)  negative reinforcement of escape behavior.

Question 4

The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that:

Accepted Answer

A)  an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. 
B)  stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. 
C)  the general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned. 
D)  primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish. 
A)  an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. 
B)  stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. 
C)  the general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned. 
D)  primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish.

Question 5

Executives and nonprofit groups have used the work of _____ to develop television and radio serial dramas that promote social change and healthy behaviors around the world.

Accepted Answer

A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Albert Bandura 
C)  John Garcia 
D)  Edward L. Thorndike 
A)  B. F. Skinner 
B)  Albert Bandura 
C)  John Garcia 
D)  Edward L. Thorndike

Question 6

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind. These early founders advocated the use of introspective self-reports to achieve two fundamental goals. What were these two goals?

Accepted Answer

A)  describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions 
B)  characterize and explain theories of learning 
C)  describe and evaluate learned emotional responses 
D)  describe and explain learned behaviors 
A)  describe and explain conscious thought and perceptions 
B)  characterize and explain theories of learning 
C)  describe and evaluate learned emotional responses 
D)  describe and explain learned behaviors

Question 7

Using an original example, explain how classical conditioning can be involved in emotional responses.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning can be involved i

Question 8

Angela's friend Drew tells her that he is thinking about dropping out of college because no matter how hard he studies, he can't seem to get his grades above a C average. Angela realizes that Drew is experiencing feelings of learned helplessness. What should she advise Drew to do? He should:

Accepted Answer

A)  try harder. 
B)  break tasks down into smaller, manageable goals, and seek information about exactly what he needs to do to succeed in each class. 
C)  go to a career counselor and seek advice about jobs that do not require a college degree. 
D)  blame the faculty for his poor performance and continue to complain about the impossibility of success, so as to avoid developing low self-esteem. 
A)  try harder. 
B)  break tasks down into smaller, manageable goals, and seek information about exactly what he needs to do to succeed in each class. 
C)  go to a career counselor and seek advice about jobs that do not require a college degree. 
D)  blame the faculty for his poor performance and continue to complain about the impossibility of success, so as to avoid developing low self-esteem.

Question 9

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every 10 pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after 10 minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses it makes. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio; fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-interval; fixed-ratio 
C)  fixed-ratio; variable-interval 
D)  fixed-ratio; variable-ratio 
A)  fixed-ratio; fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-interval; fixed-ratio 
C)  fixed-ratio; variable-interval 
D)  fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

Question 10

Elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1996, Martin Seligman launched a new movement called positive psychology, which would emphasize research on human strengths rather than human problems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A number of factors increase the probability that a behavior will be imitated. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?

Accepted Answer

A)  lack of confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation 
B)  unfamiliar or ambiguous situation 
C)  previous reward for imitating the same behavior 
D)  the people to be imitated are indifferent or uncaring and seldom get rewarded 
A)  lack of confidence in your own abilities in a particular situation 
B)  unfamiliar or ambiguous situation 
C)  previous reward for imitating the same behavior 
D)  the people to be imitated are indifferent or uncaring and seldom get rewarded

Question 12

The psychologists and teachers at the Center for Special Needs Children have designed an elaborate program that teaches the children how to feed themselves, brush their teeth, and so forth using a carefully designed program of shaping and reinforcement. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification. 
B)  instinctive drift. 
C)  classically conditioned responses. 
D)  biological preparedness. 
A)  behavior modification. 
B)  instinctive drift. 
C)  classically conditioned responses. 
D)  biological preparedness.

Question 13

Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her five-year-old daughter, Isabel, repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wants to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she should:

Accepted Answer

A)  politely ask Isabel to please stop interrupting her every time the bad behavior occurs. 
B)  send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupts Jan while she is on the phone. 
C)  reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call. 
D)  tell her friend that she will call her back, and immediately attend to whatever it is that Isabel wants. 
A)  politely ask Isabel to please stop interrupting her every time the bad behavior occurs. 
B)  send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupts Jan while she is on the phone. 
C)  reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call. 
D)  tell her friend that she will call her back, and immediately attend to whatever it is that Isabel wants.

Question 14

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _____ and the dog salivating is a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
A)  conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus; conditioned response 
D)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response

Question 15

Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, involving only certain stimuli. To explain this, Seligman proposed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. 
B)  children learn from their parents at a very early age to fear these types of stimuli. 
C)  people rely primarily on vision, so visual stimuli lead to better fear conditioning. 
D)  most phobias are due to early childhood experience with painful or frightening stimuli. 
A)  humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors. 
B)  children learn from their parents at a very early age to fear these types of stimuli. 
C)  people rely primarily on vision, so visual stimuli lead to better fear conditioning. 
D)  most phobias are due to early childhood experience with painful or frightening stimuli.

Question 16

The radio program Entrelazado, which is Spanish for "entwined," was developed in Birmingham, Alabama, to encourage healthy behaviors, including prevention of obesity and tobacco use, among the local Hispanic population. Entertainment-education programs like this one use the principles of discrimination and generalization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

Accepted Answer

A)  addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus. 
B)  primary reinforcer is to conditioned reinforcer. 
C)  increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior. 
D)  addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus. 
A)  addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus. 
B)  primary reinforcer is to conditioned reinforcer. 
C)  increase in behavior is to decrease in behavior. 
D)  addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of a reinforcing stimulus.

Question 18

Animal trainers Keller and Marian Breland tried to train a raccoon to pick up two coins and deposit them in a metal box. However, instead of dropping the coins in the box, the raccoon would rub the coins together, much as raccoons do with their food in the wild. This tendency of the raccoon to revert to its natural behavior patterns is termed:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  learned helplessness. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  learned helplessness.

Question 19

Why was B. F. Skinner opposed to the use of mental processes to explain behavior?

Accepted Answer

B. F. Skinner, a prominent American psyc

Question 20

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

Accepted Answer

A)  are focused on adolescents. 
B)  are correlational. 
C)  conclusively demonstrate that media violence causes aggressive behavior. 
D)  do not distinguish between passive media such as television and active media such as video games. 
A)  are focused on adolescents. 
B)  are correlational. 
C)  conclusively demonstrate that media violence causes aggressive behavior. 
D)  do not distinguish between passive media such as television and active media such as video games.

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, exposure to violent media is as important a risk factor for violence as poverty, substance abuse, and poor parenting.

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellant before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that:

Executives and nonprofit groups have used the work of _____ to develop television and radio serial dramas that promote social change and healthy behaviors around the world.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind. These early founders advocated the use of introspective self-reports to achieve two fundamental goals. What were these two goals?

Using an original example, explain how classical conditioning can be involved in emotional responses.

Angela's friend Drew tells her that he is thinking about dropping out of college because no matter how hard he studies, he can't seem to get his grades above a C average. Angela realizes that Drew is experiencing feelings of learned helplessness. What should she advise Drew to do? He should:

Elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1996, Martin Seligman launched a new movement called positive psychology, which would emphasize research on human strengths rather than human problems.

A number of factors increase the probability that a behavior will be imitated. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?

The psychologists and teachers at the Center for Special Needs Children have designed an elaborate program that teaches the children how to feed themselves, brush their teeth, and so forth using a carefully designed program of shaping and reinforcement. This is an example of:

Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her five-year-old daughter, Isabel, repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wants to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she should:

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _ and the dog salivating is a(n) _.

Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, involving only certain stimuli. To explain this, Seligman proposed that:

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

Why was B. F. Skinner opposed to the use of mental processes to explain behavior?

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Exam 5: Learning

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, exposure to violent media is as important a risk factor for violence as poverty, substance abuse, and poor parenting.

To keep from getting mosquito bites when he mows the lawn, Kevin always sprays himself with insect repellant before he starts mowing. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that:

Executives and nonprofit groups have used the work of _____ to develop television and radio serial dramas that promote social change and healthy behaviors around the world.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, psychology's early founders defined psychology as the scientific study of the mind. These early founders advocated the use of introspective self-reports to achieve two fundamental goals. What were these two goals?

Using an original example, explain how classical conditioning can be involved in emotional responses.

Angela's friend Drew tells her that he is thinking about dropping out of college because no matter how hard he studies, he can't seem to get his grades above a C average. Angela realizes that Drew is experiencing feelings of learned helplessness. What should she advise Drew to do? He should:

Elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1996, Martin Seligman launched a new movement called positive psychology, which would emphasize research on human strengths rather than human problems.

A number of factors increase the probability that a behavior will be imitated. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?

The psychologists and teachers at the Center for Special Needs Children have designed an elaborate program that teaches the children how to feed themselves, brush their teeth, and so forth using a carefully designed program of shaping and reinforcement. This is an example of:

Whenever Jan tries to talk on the telephone, her five-year-old daughter, Isabel, repeatedly interrupts her. If Jan wants to use the strategy of reinforcing the nonoccurrence of the problem behavior, she should:

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _____ and the dog salivating is a(n) _____.

Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, involving only certain stimuli. To explain this, Seligman proposed that:

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as:

Why was B. F. Skinner opposed to the use of mental processes to explain behavior?

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

Introduction and Research Methods

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the food is a(n) _ and the dog salivating is a(n) _.