Exam 5: Learning

Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast-food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Define instinctive drift, and explain its implications for operant conditioning.

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that:

In the famous "Little Albert" study, what was the conditioned stimulus?

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, two-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

A rat has been trained in an operant conditioning chamber to press a lever to get a food pellet. Following the acquisition trials, the researcher then withheld reinforcement for lever pressing and eventually the rat stopped responding. This example illustrates:

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated, and positive punishment _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?

Contrary to what Pavlov believed, John Garcia's research on taste aversions showed that animals are able to form associations between some stimuli much more easily than between other stimuli.

Describe the school or approach to psychology that John B. Watson founded, and explain why he founded it.

The self-control strategy of stimulus control is based upon classical conditioning principles.

Motivation is not a factor in Albert Bandura's model of observational learning.

Researchers conducting an experiment concerned with mirror neurons discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions.

Whenever Margaret has personal problems, she confides in two co-workers who listen very attentively and offer her emotional support. The amount of time that Margaret spends discussing her personal problems with co-workers has steadily increased. In this example, positive reinforcement is occurring.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

In a series of conditioning experiments, a psychologist discovered that a rat readily made an association between the taste of flavored water and illness, but did not make an association between the taste of flavored water and a painful shock. The phenomenon called _____ best explains this example.

After researchers conditioned a dog to salivate to the sight of a triangle, they presented the triangle alone to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva the dog secreted in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the researchers put the dog back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the researchers presented the triangle to the dog again?

The application of learning principles to help people learn more effective or adaptive behaviors is called: