Exam 5: Learning

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:

The term elicited is:

"Responses followed by a satisfying effect are strengthened and likely to occur again in a particular situation, but responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to occur again in a particular situation." What principle does this statement describe?

Regular-coffee drinkers can develop a classically conditioned response of alertness to the smell and taste of coffee, even if the coffee is decaffeinated.

Experimenters have identified the specific motor neurons involved in simple behavior. In one experiment, they discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. This research is concerned with:

The different schedules of reinforcement produce different patterns of responding. In the graph shown, what do patterns C and D have in common?

John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:

Researchers found that people easily acquire a conditioned fear response to pictures of snakes and spiders when the images were paired with a mild electric shock. However, people did NOT easily acquire a conditioned fear response to pictures of flowers and mushrooms when these images were paired with a mild electric shock. According to the text discussion, this is an example of:

What was Pavlov studying when he began his research on the phenomenon that eventually became known as classical conditioning?

Behavior modification refers to the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.

How did Pavlov originally discover the phenomenon that came to be called classical conditioning?

What is learned helplessness, and how was it first demonstrated?

In operant conditioning, a discriminative stimulus is defined as a(n):

Describe Martin Seligman's research and accomplishments, starting with learned helplessness in dogs and ending with positive psychology.

Which of the following psychologists has conducted extensive research on observational learning?

Classical conditioning is essentially the process of learning an association between two stimuli.

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):

After an individual chimp learned a new food-gathering technique, the rest of its group acquired the new skill within a few days. In turn, the newly acquired skill spread to other chimpanzee groups who could see the new behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

Outside of his laboratory, Pavlov was very much like the stereotypical image of the absentminded professor-forgetful, impractical, and gullible.

Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus. One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at Twenty-third Street because of flooding. Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus. How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?