Question 1

The main function of DNA polymerase is to add new nucleotides to the 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-end of a growing chain. What is the second role of this enzyme in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A) synthesis of RNA primer 
B) unwinding of the DNA duplex 
C) proofreading 
D) stabilizing strands of DNA at replication fork 
E) joining Okazaki fragments 
A) synthesis of RNA primer 
B) unwinding of the DNA duplex 
C) proofreading 
D) stabilizing strands of DNA at replication fork 
E) joining Okazaki fragments

Question 2

The oligonucleotide primers used in the polymerase chain reaction are typically 20-30 nucleotides in length or longer; however, for purposes of this problem let's assume that 6 nucleotides is long enough. You wish to amplify the fragment shown below (the raised dots indicate several kilobases of DNA sequence not shown) and decide to design primers corresponding to the regions that are underlined. What primer sequences would you use? $5 \text { '-ATGCTGAAACTTCTC } \cdots \text { GGGATGAAATCAGTTT-3' }$
$3 \text { '-TACGACTTTGAAGAG } \cdots \text { ?????CTTTAGTCAAA-5' }$

Accepted Answer

A) 5'-TGAAAC-3' and 5'-AATCAG-3' 
B) 5'-GTTTCA-3' and 5'-AATCAG-3' 
C) 5'-GTTTCA-3' and 5'-CTGATT-3' 
D) 5'-TGAAAC-3' and 5'-CTGATT-3' 
A) 5'-TGAAAC-3' and 5'-AATCAG-3' 
B) 5'-GTTTCA-3' and 5'-AATCAG-3' 
C) 5'-GTTTCA-3' and 5'-CTGATT-3' 
D) 5'-TGAAAC-3' and 5'-CTGATT-3'

Question 3

A molecular biologist carries out a PCR reaction and discovers to his disappointment that no PCR amplification takes place. It turns out that the problem is one of the primers, which has the following sequence:

5'-ATAACACTAAATAGCGCTATTTAGTGTTAT-3'

Can you suggest a reason why this primer does not work for PCR?

Accepted Answer

The last 15 nucleotides of the primer ar

Question 4

What would happen to the variation between organisms in a population if their DNA polymerase did NOT have a proofreading function?

Accepted Answer

A) The amount of variation would increase. 
B) The amount of variation would decrease. 
C) The amount of variation would stay the same. 
A) The amount of variation would increase. 
B) The amount of variation would decrease. 
C) The amount of variation would stay the same.

Question 5

Telomerase activity in stem cells is very low.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In observing DNA replication in the lab, you notice that in some cells, a defect occurs where DNA replication proceeds, but the RNA primers are not removed and replaced with DNA. Which enzyme is MOST likely to be defective in this system?

Accepted Answer

A) RNA primase 
B) helicase 
C) single-strand binding protein 
D) DNA polymerase 
E) DNA ligase 
A) RNA primase 
B) helicase 
C) single-strand binding protein 
D) DNA polymerase 
E) DNA ligase

Question 7

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on:

Accepted Answer

A) nucleotide sequence. 
B) length. 
C) mutations. 
D) replication rate. 
E) primers. 
A) nucleotide sequence. 
B) length. 
C) mutations. 
D) replication rate. 
E) primers.

Question 8

DNA replication in human cells occurs at a rate of about 50 base pairs per second, and the length of the longest human chromosome (chromosome 1) is 249 Mb. If DNA replication took place continuously from one end of chromosome 1 to the other, it would take approximately:

Accepted Answer

A) 2 seconds. 
B) 2 minutes. 
C) 2 hours. 
D) 2 days. 
E) 2 months. 
A) 2 seconds. 
B) 2 minutes. 
C) 2 hours. 
D) 2 days. 
E) 2 months.

Question 9

Why are telomeres a necessary component of linear chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

A) They direct where DNA synthesis will begin. 
B) They fix mistakes that are made during DNA replication. 
C) They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated. 
D) They direct where DNA synthesis will end. 
E) None of the answer options is correct. 
A) They direct where DNA synthesis will begin. 
B) They fix mistakes that are made during DNA replication. 
C) They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated. 
D) They direct where DNA synthesis will end. 
E) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 10

The type of genetic engineering that often involves isolating genes from one species and introducing them into another is called _____ technology.

Accepted Answer

A) Sanger sequencing 
B) palindromic 
C) recombinant DNA 
D) DNA hybridization 
E) Sanger recombination 
A) Sanger sequencing 
B) palindromic 
C) recombinant DNA 
D) DNA hybridization 
E) Sanger recombination

Question 11

Which of these is necessary for only the FIRST step of PCR?

Accepted Answer

A) original template DNA 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) the four DNA nucleotides 
D) DNA primers 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) original template DNA 
B) DNA polymerase 
C) the four DNA nucleotides 
D) DNA primers 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 12

A new nucleotide can only be added to the _____ end of a growing DNA strand. DNA therefore always grows in the _____ direction.

Accepted Answer

A) 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B) 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C) 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D) 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
A) 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B) 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C) 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D) 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; 3F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 to 5F1F1F1S1F1F1F10

Question 13

Massive parallel sequencing techniques can reliably determine the sequence of hundreds of base pairs but require more time than Sanger sequencing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward the negative pole of the electric field.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What is the difference between Sanger sequencing and PCR with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) Primers are needed in PCR but not in Sanger sequencing. 
B) DNA polymerase is needed in PCR but not in Sanger sequencing. 
C) Primers are needed in Sanger sequencing but not in PCR. 
D) DNA polymerase is needed in Sanger sequencing but not in PCR. 
E) Dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing, but not in PCR. 
A) Primers are needed in PCR but not in Sanger sequencing. 
B) DNA polymerase is needed in PCR but not in Sanger sequencing. 
C) Primers are needed in Sanger sequencing but not in PCR. 
D) DNA polymerase is needed in Sanger sequencing but not in PCR. 
E) Dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing, but not in PCR.

Question 16

Which of the following sequences is NOT a palindrome?

Accepted Answer

A) GGATCC 
B) GGCGCGCC 
C) TTAATTAA 
D) ATTTAAAT 
E) ATTATT 
A) GGATCC 
B) GGCGCGCC 
C) TTAATTAA 
D) ATTTAAAT 
E) ATTATT

Question 17

What procedure could be used after PCR is complete to make certain that the amplification process worked properly and that the correct sequence was amplified?

Accepted Answer

A) gel electrophoresis 
B) DNA sequencing 
C) DNA denaturation 
D) DNA hybridization 
E) None of the other answer options is correct. 
A) gel electrophoresis 
B) DNA sequencing 
C) DNA denaturation 
D) DNA hybridization 
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 18

The following enzymes play important roles in DNA replication: DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, helicase. In what order do they work during replication?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, helicase 
B) primase, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase 
C) DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, ligase 
D) helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase 
E) ligase, helicase, DNA polymerase, primase 
A) DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, helicase 
B) primase, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase 
C) DNA polymerase, helicase, primase, ligase 
D) helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase 
E) ligase, helicase, DNA polymerase, primase

Question 19

If you were to genetically engineer a bacterial cell to produce a human protein, you would use a bacterial plasmid as the _____, or carrier of the human DNA.

Accepted Answer

A) vector 
B) probe 
C) palindrome 
D) shuttle 
E) None of the other answer options is correct. 
A) vector 
B) probe 
C) palindrome 
D) shuttle 
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 20

Why are primers needed for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

A) They help with the joining of Okazaki fragments. 
B) A tiny amount of RNA is needed to tell the cell where genes are located. 
C) DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain. 
D) The primers help with the proofreading function of DNA polymerase. 
E) They help direct the placement of the telomeres. 
A) They help with the joining of Okazaki fragments. 
B) A tiny amount of RNA is needed to tell the cell where genes are located. 
C) DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to an existing chain. 
D) The primers help with the proofreading function of DNA polymerase. 
E) They help direct the placement of the telomeres.

Exam 12: Dna Replication and Manipulation

The main function of DNA polymerase is to add new nucleotides to the 3-end of a growing chain. What is the second role of this enzyme in DNA replication?

What would happen to the variation between organisms in a population if their DNA polymerase did NOT have a proofreading function?

Telomerase activity in stem cells is very low.

In observing DNA replication in the lab, you notice that in some cells, a defect occurs where DNA replication proceeds, but the RNA primers are not removed and replaced with DNA. Which enzyme is MOST likely to be defective in this system?

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on:

DNA replication in human cells occurs at a rate of about 50 base pairs per second, and the length of the longest human chromosome (chromosome 1) is 249 Mb. If DNA replication took place continuously from one end of chromosome 1 to the other, it would take approximately:

Why are telomeres a necessary component of linear chromosomes?

The type of genetic engineering that often involves isolating genes from one species and introducing them into another is called _____ technology.

Which of these is necessary for only the FIRST step of PCR?

A new nucleotide can only be added to the _____ end of a growing DNA strand. DNA therefore always grows in the _____ direction.

Massive parallel sequencing techniques can reliably determine the sequence of hundreds of base pairs but require more time than Sanger sequencing.

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward the negative pole of the electric field.

What is the difference between Sanger sequencing and PCR with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?

Which of the following sequences is NOT a palindrome?

What procedure could be used after PCR is complete to make certain that the amplification process worked properly and that the correct sequence was amplified?

The following enzymes play important roles in DNA replication: DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, helicase. In what order do they work during replication?

If you were to genetically engineer a bacterial cell to produce a human protein, you would use a bacterial plasmid as the _____, or carrier of the human DNA.

Why are primers needed for DNA replication?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

A new nucleotide can only be added to the _ end of a growing DNA strand. DNA therefore always grows in the _ direction.