Question 1

Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment in order to prevent them from

Accepted Answer

A)  worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience. 
B)  realizing that their privacy is being violated. 
C)  deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment. 
D)  trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions. 
A)  worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience. 
B)  realizing that their privacy is being violated. 
C)  deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment. 
D)  trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions. D

Question 2

Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in

Accepted Answer

A)  curious skepticism. 
B)  experimentation. 
C)  human intuition. 
D)  critical thinking. 
A)  curious skepticism. 
B)  experimentation. 
C)  human intuition. 
D)  critical thinking. C

Question 3

After predicting world events, such as whether Quebec would separate from Canada, mistaken experts maintained that they were "almost right." This attitude is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  overconfidence. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  critical thinking. 
D)  empirical thinking. 
A)  overconfidence. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  critical thinking. 
D)  empirical thinking. A

Question 4

When psychologists insist that "the rat is always right," they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of

Accepted Answer

A)  humility. 
B)  respect for animals. 
C)  ecological sensitivity. 
D)  enthusiasm for animal research studies. 
A)  humility. 
B)  respect for animals. 
C)  ecological sensitivity. 
D)  enthusiasm for animal research studies.

Question 5

A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. This statement would seem unsurprising to students because

Accepted Answer

A)  most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves. 
B)  this finding is consistent with common sense. 
C)  students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves. 
D)  students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries. 
A)  most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves. 
B)  this finding is consistent with common sense. 
C)  students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves. 
D)  students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.

Question 6

Scientists who defend the use of animals in experimental research typically claim that

Accepted Answer

A)  the well-being of humans should be placed above the well-being of animals. 
B)  competent scientists have no justifiable reason to end the lives of animals. 
C)  animals should be used only in research that directly benefits the animals involved. 
D)  allegations that laboratory animals are sometimes exposed to stress are simply untrue. 
A)  the well-being of humans should be placed above the well-being of animals. 
B)  competent scientists have no justifiable reason to end the lives of animals. 
C)  animals should be used only in research that directly benefits the animals involved. 
D)  allegations that laboratory animals are sometimes exposed to stress are simply untrue.

Question 7

When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  confounding variables. 
B)  random assignment. 
C)  wording effects. 
D)  overconfidence. 
A)  confounding variables. 
B)  random assignment. 
C)  wording effects. 
D)  overconfidence.

Question 8

Psychologists study animals because

Accepted Answer

A)  they want to understand how different species think and behave. 
B)  animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology. 
C)  it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans. 
D)  of all of these reasons. 
A)  they want to understand how different species think and behave. 
B)  animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology. 
C)  it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans. 
D)  of all of these reasons.

Question 9

As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  overconfidence. 
B)  intuition. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  critical thinking. 
A)  overconfidence. 
B)  intuition. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  critical thinking.

Question 10

In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect.

Accepted Answer

A)  more; less 
B)  less; more 
C)  more; more 
D)  less; less 
A)  more; less 
B)  less; more 
C)  more; more 
D)  less; less

Question 11

Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of

Accepted Answer

A)  depending on empirical evidence. 
B)  attributing these three similarities to chance. 
C)  perceiving order in random events. 
D)  assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests. 
A)  depending on empirical evidence. 
B)  attributing these three similarities to chance. 
C)  perceiving order in random events. 
D)  assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests.

Question 12

A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of

Accepted Answer

A)  informed consent. 
B)  critical thinking. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  overconfidence. 
A)  informed consent. 
B)  critical thinking. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  overconfidence.

Question 13

Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  overconfidence. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  intuition. 
D)  common sense. 
A)  overconfidence. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  intuition. 
D)  common sense.

Question 14

Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol use disorder. 
B)  depression. 
C)  eating disorders. 
D)  all of these problems. 
A)  alcohol use disorder. 
B)  depression. 
C)  eating disorders. 
D)  all of these problems.

Question 15

Psychologists attempt to let the facts speak for themselves by using an approach that is best described as

Accepted Answer

A)  empirical. 
B)  intuitive. 
C)  instinctual. 
D)  natural. 
A)  empirical. 
B)  intuitive. 
C)  instinctual. 
D)  natural.

Question 16

The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is "shake," and the forty-sixth word from the end is "spear." Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of

Accepted Answer

A)  reading too much into biblical passages. 
B)  engaging in empirical research. 
C)  assuming that most people share your opinions. 
D)  perceiving order in coincidental events. 
A)  reading too much into biblical passages. 
B)  engaging in empirical research. 
C)  assuming that most people share your opinions. 
D)  perceiving order in coincidental events.

Question 17

Critical thinkers can best be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  questioning. 
B)  cynical. 
C)  pessimistic. 
D)  impatient. 
A)  questioning. 
B)  cynical. 
C)  pessimistic. 
D)  impatient.

Question 18

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the research findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

A)  an empirical approach. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  scientific humility. 
D)  critical thinking. 
A)  an empirical approach. 
B)  hindsight bias. 
C)  scientific humility. 
D)  critical thinking.

Question 19

Hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that

Accepted Answer

A)  psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values. 
B)  psychological experiments are simplified versions of reality. 
C)  psychological theories and observations are merely common sense. 
D)  psychology is potentially dangerous. 
A)  psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values. 
B)  psychological experiments are simplified versions of reality. 
C)  psychological theories and observations are merely common sense. 
D)  psychology is potentially dangerous.

Question 20

Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to

Accepted Answer

A)  describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles. 
B)  predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results. 
C)  explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results. 
D)  personally engage in scientific observation. 
A)  describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles. 
B)  predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results. 
C)  explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results. 
D)  personally engage in scientific observation.

Exam 2: A: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment in order to prevent them from

Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in

After predicting world events, such as whether Quebec would separate from Canada, mistaken experts maintained that they were "almost right." This attitude is an example of

When psychologists insist that "the rat is always right," they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of

A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. This statement would seem unsurprising to students because

Scientists who defend the use of animals in experimental research typically claim that

When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams. This best illustrates

Psychologists study animals because

As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates

In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect and series of tails occur ________ often than people expect.

A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of

Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates

Psychologists report that genders differ in their risk of

Psychologists attempt to let the facts speak for themselves by using an approach that is best described as

Critical thinkers can best be described as

Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women consider the research findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of

Hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that

Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to

The Story of Psychology

A: the Story of Psychology

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Research Strategies

A: Research Strategies

Neural and Hormonal Systems

A: Neural and Hormonal Systems

Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures

A: Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures

The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain

A: the Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain

Brain States and Consciousness

A: Brain States and Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

A: Sleep and Dreams

Hypnosis

A: Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

A: Drugs and Consciousness

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

A: Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

A: Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development

A: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development

Infancy and Childhood

A: Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

A: Adolescence

Adulthood

A: Adulthood

Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

A: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

A: Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

The Nonvisual Senses

A: the Nonvisual Senses

Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning

A: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

A: Operant Conditioning

Effects of Biology and Cognition

A: Effects of Biology and Cognition

Studying and Building Memories

A: Studying and Building Memories

Storage- Retaining Information in the Brain

A: Storage A: Retaining Information in the Brain

Retrieval

A: Retrieval

Forgetting, Memory Construction

A: Forgetting, Memory Construction

Thinking

A: Thinking

Language and Thought

A: Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

A: Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

A: Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

A: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur often than people expect and series of tails occur often than people expect.