Question 1

Bacteria are able to adhere to substrates and to other individuals by using which structures?

Accepted Answer

A) capsules and endospores 
B) capsules and fimbriae 
C) endospores and fimbriae 
D) fimbriae and plasmids 
E) fimbriae and flagella 
A) capsules and endospores 
B) capsules and fimbriae 
C) endospores and fimbriae 
D) fimbriae and plasmids 
E) fimbriae and flagella B

Question 2

In what way(s),if any,is a chemoautotroph different from a chemoheterotroph?

Accepted Answer

A) Chemoautotrophs can produce carbon-containing compounds for use in metabolism or for the building of its structures,whereas a chemoheterotroph must consume such compounds. 
B) Chemoautotrophs use light energy to produce carbon-containing compounds,whereas a chemoheterotroph uses inorganic compounds. 
C) Chemoautotrophs use organic compounds as an energy and carbon source,whereas chemoheterotrophs use inorganic compounds as an energy and carbon source. 
D) Chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs are not different from one another with respect to energy and carbon sources. 
A) Chemoautotrophs can produce carbon-containing compounds for use in metabolism or for the building of its structures,whereas a chemoheterotroph must consume such compounds. 
B) Chemoautotrophs use light energy to produce carbon-containing compounds,whereas a chemoheterotroph uses inorganic compounds. 
C) Chemoautotrophs use organic compounds as an energy and carbon source,whereas chemoheterotrophs use inorganic compounds as an energy and carbon source. 
D) Chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs are not different from one another with respect to energy and carbon sources. A

Question 3

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from

Accepted Answer

A) meiosis. 
B) transformation. 
C) transduction. 
D) mutation. 
A) meiosis. 
B) transformation. 
C) transduction. 
D) mutation. A

Question 4

Please use the following information to answer the question(s)below.
A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining.It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from bacteriophages and dehydration.Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium,even after being mixed with water and boiled.The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics.It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.
-Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of

Accepted Answer

A) fimbriae. 
B) pili. 
C) a capsule. 
D) a flagellum. 
E) a cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. 
A) fimbriae. 
B) pili. 
C) a capsule. 
D) a flagellum. 
E) a cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane.

Question 5

Thermoacidophiles are archaeans that are able to successfully live and reproduce in environments that are acidic,have high sulfur content and temperatures,and have little organic material.Consider the thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.Which of the following graphs most accurately depicts the expected temperature and pH profiles of its enzymes? (Note: The horizontal axes of these graphs are double,with pH above and temperature below. )

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Question 6

Although not present in all bacteria,this cell covering often enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms,especially their phagocytic cells.

Accepted Answer

A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) cell wall 
D) capsule 
A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) cell wall 
D) capsule

Question 7

Which of the following describes an organism that oxidizes inorganic substances to obtain energy that is used,in part,to fix CO2 from the atmosphere?

Accepted Answer

A) photoautotrophs 
B) photoheterotrophs 
C) chemoautotrophs 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition 
A) photoautotrophs 
B) photoheterotrophs 
C) chemoautotrophs 
D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition

Question 8

What structure(s)can allow a bacterium to persist,often over extended periods of time,in extreme environments such as those lacking in nutrients,dehydrating,and freezing,or in very hot temperatures?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleoids 
B) capsules or endospores 
C) plasmids 
D) peptidoglycan 
E) fimbriae 
A) nucleoids 
B) capsules or endospores 
C) plasmids 
D) peptidoglycan 
E) fimbriae

Question 9

Figure 24.2 depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell.Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at time A.Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words,a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA).Use Figure 24.2 to answer the following question(s).
   Figure 24.2
-What is occurring at time C that is decreasing the DNA content?

Accepted Answer

A) crossing over 
B) cytokinesis 
C) meiosis 
D) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome 
E) reversal of the direction of conjugation 
A) crossing over 
B) cytokinesis 
C) meiosis 
D) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome 
E) reversal of the direction of conjugation

Question 10

What fossil evidence supports the hypothesis of modification by descent,or adaptation,of early Earth's bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) the presence of distinct stromatolite morphologies and stromatolite formations in both lake and marine environments 
B) cyanobacterium fossils,which have one of the earliest appearances in the fossil record 
C) the presence on non-photosynthetic bacteria 
D) the presence of spherical,rod-shaped,and spiral prokaryotes 
A) the presence of distinct stromatolite morphologies and stromatolite formations in both lake and marine environments 
B) cyanobacterium fossils,which have one of the earliest appearances in the fossil record 
C) the presence on non-photosynthetic bacteria 
D) the presence of spherical,rod-shaped,and spiral prokaryotes

Question 11

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

Accepted Answer

A) composition of the cell wall 
B) presence of plasma membrane 
C) a nuclear envelope 
D) identical rRNA sequences 
A) composition of the cell wall 
B) presence of plasma membrane 
C) a nuclear envelope 
D) identical rRNA sequences

Question 12

The table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E).Use the information in the table to answer the following question(s).
   Table 24.1
-Which species in Table 24.1 is most likely to be found both in sewage treatment plants and in the guts of cattle?

Accepted Answer

A) species A 
B) species B 
C) species C 
D) species D 
E) species E 
A) species A 
B) species B 
C) species C 
D) species D 
E) species E

Question 13

Data were collected from the heterocysts of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium inhabiting equatorial ponds.Study the following figure,and choose the most likely explanation for the shape of the curve.   Figure 24.3

Accepted Answer

A) Enough O2 enters heterocysts during hours of peak photosynthesis to have a somewhat inhibitory effect on nitrogen fixation. 
B) Light-dependent reaction rates must be highest between 1800 hours and 0600 hours. 
C) Atmospheric N2 levels increase at night because plants are no longer metabolizing this gas,so they are not absorbing this gas through their stomata. 
D) Heterocyst walls become less permeable to N2 influx during darkness. 
A) Enough O2 enters heterocysts during hours of peak photosynthesis to have a somewhat inhibitory effect on nitrogen fixation. 
B) Light-dependent reaction rates must be highest between 1800 hours and 0600 hours. 
C) Atmospheric N2 levels increase at night because plants are no longer metabolizing this gas,so they are not absorbing this gas through their stomata. 
D) Heterocyst walls become less permeable to N2 influx during darkness.

Question 14

Please use the following information to answer the question(s)below.
A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining.It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from bacteriophages and dehydration.Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium,even after being mixed with water and boiled.The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics.It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.
-In which feature(s)should you be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium?
1)nucleolus
2)pili
3)endospore
4)nucleoid

Accepted Answer

A) 4 only 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 2,3,and 4 
A) 4 only 
B) 1 and 3 
C) 2 and 3 
D) 3 and 4 
E) 2,3,and 4

Question 15

The table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E).Use the information in the table to answer the following question(s).
   Table 24.1
-Which two species in Table 24.1 might be expected to cooperate metabolically,perhaps forming a biofilm wherein one species surrounds cells of the other species?

Accepted Answer

A) species A and B 
B) species A and C 
C) species B and E 
D) species C and D 
E) species C and E 
A) species A and B 
B) species A and C 
C) species B and E 
D) species C and D 
E) species C and E

Question 16

The table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E).Use the information in the table to answer the following question(s).
   Table 24.1
-How many of these species in Table 24.1 probably have a cell wall that partly consists of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide?

Accepted Answer

A) only one species 
B) two species 
C) three species 
D) four species 
E) all five species 
A) only one species 
B) two species 
C) three species 
D) four species 
E) all five species

Question 17

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

Accepted Answer

A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule 
A) endospore 
B) sex pilus 
C) flagellum 
D) cell wall 
E) capsule

Question 18

Assuming that each possesses a cell wall,which of these prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Accepted Answer

A) extreme halophiles 
B) extreme thermophiles 
C) methanogens 
D) cyanobacteria 
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules 
A) extreme halophiles 
B) extreme thermophiles 
C) methanogens 
D) cyanobacteria 
E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

Question 19

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. 
B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. 
C) Prokaryotic cells have more proteins than eukaryotes. 
D) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but,rather,is found at the nucleolus. 
E) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA. 
A) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. 
B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. 
C) Prokaryotic cells have more proteins than eukaryotes. 
D) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but,rather,is found at the nucleolus. 
E) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.

Question 20

The following question(s)are based on the observation that several dozen different proteins comprise the prokaryotic flagellum and its attachment to the prokaryotic cell,producing a highly complex structure.
-If the complex protein assemblage of the prokaryotic flagellum arose by the same general processes as those of the complex eyes of molluscs (such as squids and octopi),then

Accepted Answer

A) natural selection cannot account for the rise of the prokaryotic flagellum. 
B) ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were either less functional or had different functions from modern prokaryotic flagella. 
C) scientists should accept the conclusion that neither eyes nor flagella could have arisen by evolution. 
A) natural selection cannot account for the rise of the prokaryotic flagellum. 
B) ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were either less functional or had different functions from modern prokaryotic flagella. 
C) scientists should accept the conclusion that neither eyes nor flagella could have arisen by evolution.

Exam 24: Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

Bacteria are able to adhere to substrates and to other individuals by using which structures?

In what way(s),if any,is a chemoautotroph different from a chemoheterotroph?

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from

Although not present in all bacteria,this cell covering often enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms,especially their phagocytic cells.

Which of the following describes an organism that oxidizes inorganic substances to obtain energy that is used,in part,to fix CO2 from the atmosphere?

What structure(s)can allow a bacterium to persist,often over extended periods of time,in extreme environments such as those lacking in nutrients,dehydrating,and freezing,or in very hot temperatures?

What fossil evidence supports the hypothesis of modification by descent,or adaptation,of early Earth's bacteria?

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

The table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E).Use the information in the table to answer the following question(s). Table 24.1 -Which species in Table 24.1 is most likely to be found both in sewage treatment plants and in the guts of cattle?

Data were collected from the heterocysts of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium inhabiting equatorial ponds.Study the following figure,and choose the most likely explanation for the shape of the curve. Figure 24.3

The table depicts characteristics of five prokaryotic species (A-E).Use the information in the table to answer the following question(s). Table 24.1 -How many of these species in Table 24.1 probably have a cell wall that partly consists of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide?

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

Assuming that each possesses a cell wall,which of these prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

Which of the following describes an organism that oxidizes inorganic substances to obtain energy that is used,in part,to fix CO₂ from the atmosphere?