Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a multigene family?

Accepted Answer

A) It is composed of multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B) It is made up of genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C) It contains many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D) It consists of a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
A) It is composed of multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B) It is made up of genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C) It contains many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D) It consists of a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. B

Question 2

How do transposable elements contribute to genome evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) They decrease the chances for recombination of genes during meiosis. 
B) They maintain the function of control genes. 
C) They cause unequal crossing over during meiosis. 
D) They carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations. 
A) They decrease the chances for recombination of genes during meiosis. 
B) They maintain the function of control genes. 
C) They cause unequal crossing over during meiosis. 
D) They carry entire genes or individual exons to new locations. D

Question 3

What is proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A) the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B) the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C) the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D) the study of how a single gene activates many proteins 
A) the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B) the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C) the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D) the study of how a single gene activates many proteins B

Question 4

In humans,the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults.Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A) Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B) Identical genes generate many copies of the ribosomes needed for fetal globin production. 
C) Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
D) The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced. 
A) Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B) Identical genes generate many copies of the ribosomes needed for fetal globin production. 
C) Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
D) The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced.

Question 5

A microarray known as a GeneChip,with most of the human protein-coding genetic sequences,has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by comparing gene sequences and patterns of gene expression in cancer cells with those in normal cells.What kind of information might be gleaned from this GeneChip to aid in cancer prevention?

Accepted Answer

A) information about whether or not a patient has this type of cancer prior to treatment 
B) evidence that might suggest how best to treat a person's cancer with chemotherapy 
C) data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquire 
D) information about which parent might have provided a patient with cancer-causing genes 
A) information about whether or not a patient has this type of cancer prior to treatment 
B) evidence that might suggest how best to treat a person's cancer with chemotherapy 
C) data that could alert patients to what kind of cancer they were likely to acquire 
D) information about which parent might have provided a patient with cancer-causing genes

Question 6

Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

Accepted Answer

A) The two insect species evolved in very different geologic eras. 
B) Crickets have higher gene density. 
C) Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
D) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
A) The two insect species evolved in very different geologic eras. 
B) Crickets have higher gene density. 
C) Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
D) Crickets must have more noncoding DNA.

Question 7

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication.A mutated form of hemoglobin,called hemoglobin Lepore,exists in the human population.Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids.If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over,what would be an expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

A) There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B) Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C) The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D) The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
A) There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B) Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C) The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D) The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome.

Question 8

What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

Accepted Answer

A) The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal. 
B) The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C) The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments. 
D) Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats. 
A) The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal. 
B) The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C) The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments. 
D) Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats.

Question 9

Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences.A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules,including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.How might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?

Accepted Answer

A) by normal meiotic recombination 
B) by normal mitotic recombination between sister chromatids 
C) by transcription followed by recombination 
D) by chromosomal translocation 
A) by normal meiotic recombination 
B) by normal mitotic recombination between sister chromatids 
C) by transcription followed by recombination 
D) by chromosomal translocation

Question 10

Which of the following statements provides a correct representation of gene density?

Accepted Answer

A) Humans have 3,000 Mb per genome. 
B) 
C) elegans has approximately 20,000 genes. 
C) Humans have approximately 21,000 genes in 3,000 Mb. 
D) Humans have 27,000 bp in introns. 
A) Humans have 3,000 Mb per genome. 
B) 
C) elegans has approximately 20,000 genes. 
C) Humans have approximately 21,000 genes in 3,000 Mb. 
D) Humans have 27,000 bp in introns.

Question 11

Which of the following genomic components can be duplicated in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A) DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
B) entire chromosomes only 
C) entire sets of chromosomes only 
D) DNA sequences,chromosomes,or sets of chromosomes 
A) DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
B) entire chromosomes only 
C) entire sets of chromosomes only 
D) DNA sequences,chromosomes,or sets of chromosomes

Question 12

When does exon shuffling occur?

Accepted Answer

A) during splicing of DNA 
B) during DNA replication 
C) during meiotic recombination 
D) during posttranslational modification of proteins 
A) during splicing of DNA 
B) during DNA replication 
C) during meiotic recombination 
D) during posttranslational modification of proteins

Question 13

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B) using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C) developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D) using mathematical tools to analyze biological systems. 
A) using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B) using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C) developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D) using mathematical tools to analyze biological systems.

Question 14

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.By contrast,chimpanzees have 24 pairs of chromosomes and lack any pair resembling the long human chromosome 2 pair;instead,chimpanzees have two pairs of medium-sized chromosomes,each of which resembles parts of human chromosome pair 2.What is the most likely explanation for these differences and similarities in the human and chimpanzee genomes?

Accepted Answer

A) The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had 24 pairs of chromosomes,and at some point in the human lineage,two chromosomes fused end to end,providing some selective advantage. 
B) The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had 23 pairs of chromosomes,but when chimpanzees evolved,one of the chromosomes broke in half. 
C) At some point in evolution,human ancestors and chimpanzee ancestors were able to mate and produce fertile offspring,making a new species. 
D) Chromosome breakage resulted in additional centromeres being made,allowing meiosis to proceed successfully. 
A) The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had 24 pairs of chromosomes,and at some point in the human lineage,two chromosomes fused end to end,providing some selective advantage. 
B) The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had 23 pairs of chromosomes,but when chimpanzees evolved,one of the chromosomes broke in half. 
C) At some point in evolution,human ancestors and chimpanzee ancestors were able to mate and produce fertile offspring,making a new species. 
D) Chromosome breakage resulted in additional centromeres being made,allowing meiosis to proceed successfully.

Question 15

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions,including the idea that

Accepted Answer

A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein,tRNA,rRNA,and miRNA. 
D) the genomes of other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome. 
A) the density of the human genome is far higher than in most other animals. 
B) the number of proteins expressed by the human genome is far more than the number of its genes. 
C) most human DNA consists of genes for protein,tRNA,rRNA,and miRNA. 
D) the genomes of other organisms are significantly smaller than the human genome.

Question 16

What might be the most reasonable approach to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. 
B) Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species,prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species,and look for the consequences. 
C) Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized. 
D) Mate two individuals heterozygous for the normal and mutated sequences. 
A) Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. 
B) Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species,prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species,and look for the consequences. 
C) Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized. 
D) Mate two individuals heterozygous for the normal and mutated sequences.

Question 17

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals.The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history.What data were discovered that suggested this conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Some Neanderthal sequences were not found in humans. 
B) A number of modern H.sapiens with Neanderthal sequences were observed. 
C) Neanderthal Y chromosomes were preserved in the modern population of males. 
D) Mitochondrial sequences were found that were common to both groups. 
A) Some Neanderthal sequences were not found in humans. 
B) A number of modern H.sapiens with Neanderthal sequences were observed. 
C) Neanderthal Y chromosomes were preserved in the modern population of males. 
D) Mitochondrial sequences were found that were common to both groups.

Question 18

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths,amplified,and sequenced.How might these fragments be used now?

Accepted Answer

A) They may be introduced into relatives,such as elephants,to recreate certain mammoth traits. 
B) They may be used to clone live woolly mammoths. 
C) They may help study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool producers. 
D) They may help us to understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related organisms. 
A) They may be introduced into relatives,such as elephants,to recreate certain mammoth traits. 
B) They may be used to clone live woolly mammoths. 
C) They may help study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool producers. 
D) They may help us to understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related organisms.

Question 19

Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A) encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B) are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C) are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D) encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
A) encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B) are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C) are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D) encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Question 20

Which of the following procedures is required when the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing is carried out?

Accepted Answer

A) use of protein sequencing 
B) isolation of proteomes associated with the small fragments 
C) cloning randomly cut DNA fragments 
D) PCR amplification 
A) use of protein sequencing 
B) isolation of proteomes associated with the small fragments 
C) cloning randomly cut DNA fragments 
D) PCR amplification

Exam 18: Genomes and Their Evolution

Which of the following statements correctly describes a multigene family?

How do transposable elements contribute to genome evolution?

What is proteomics?

In humans,the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults.Why is this the case?

Why might the cricket genome have 11 times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

Which of the following statements provides a correct representation of gene density?

Which of the following genomic components can be duplicated in a genome?

When does exon shuffling occur?

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

The comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species has led to many conclusions,including the idea that

What might be the most reasonable approach to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans?

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals.The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history.What data were discovered that suggested this conclusion?

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths,amplified,and sequenced.How might these fragments be used now?

Homeotic genes

Which of the following procedures is required when the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing is carried out?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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