Question 1

Which of the following terms describes metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules to release stored energy?

Accepted Answer

A) catabolic pathways 
B) anabolic pathways 
C) bioenergetic pathways 
D) endergonic pathways 
A) catabolic pathways 
B) anabolic pathways 
C) bioenergetic pathways 
D) endergonic pathways A

Question 2

Which of the following metabolic pathways generates a proton gradient?

Accepted Answer

A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) the electron transport chain 
E) glycolysis 
A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) chemiosmosis 
D) the electron transport chain 
E) glycolysis D

Question 3

Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

A) chemiosmosis 
B) electron transport 
C) photophosphorylation 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) substrate-level phosphorylation 
A) chemiosmosis 
B) electron transport 
C) photophosphorylation 
D) oxidative phosphorylation 
E) substrate-level phosphorylation E

Question 4

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
D) transfer of phosphate to ADP. 
A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. 
B) flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. 
C) H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase. 
D) transfer of phosphate to ADP.

Question 5

Which of the following molecules donates electrons directly to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

Accepted Answer

A) NAD+ 
B) NADH 
C) ATP 
D) FAD 
E) FADH2 
A) NAD+ 
B) NADH 
C) ATP 
D) FAD 
E) FADH2

Question 6

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction,the glucose molecule becomes

Accepted Answer

A) hydrolyzed. 
B) hydrogenated. 
C) oxidized. 
D) reduced. 
E) an oxidizing agent. 
A) hydrolyzed. 
B) hydrogenated. 
C) oxidized. 
D) reduced. 
E) an oxidizing agent.

Question 7

In chemiosmosis,what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ℗i to ATP?

Accepted Answer

A) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system 
B) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) energy released from ATP hydrolysis 
D) energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase 
A) energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system 
B) energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation 
C) energy released from ATP hydrolysis 
D) energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

Question 8

The oxygen atoms used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration are derived from which of the following molecules?

Accepted Answer

A) carbon dioxide (CO2) 
B) glucose (C6H12O6) 
C) pyruvate (C3H3O3-) 
D) molecular oxygen (O2) 
A) carbon dioxide (CO2) 
B) glucose (C6H12O6) 
C) pyruvate (C3H3O3-) 
D) molecular oxygen (O2)

Question 9

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s)in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis and fermentation 
B) fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C) glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
E) fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation 
A) glycolysis and fermentation 
B) fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C) glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
E) fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

A young dog has never had much energy.A veterinarian discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration,and his cells produce more lactate than normal.Of the following,which is the best explanation of the dog's condition?

Accepted Answer

A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B) His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D) His cells have a defective electron transport chain,so glucose is converted to lactate instead of acetyl CoA. 
A) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B) His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D) His cells have a defective electron transport chain,so glucose is converted to lactate instead of acetyl CoA.

Question 11

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation,which results in the production of

Accepted Answer

A) ATP,NADH,and pyruvate. 
B) ATP and lactate. 
C) ATP,CO2,and lactate. 
D) ATP,CO2,and ethanol. 
E) ATP,CO2,and acetyl CoA. 
A) ATP,NADH,and pyruvate. 
B) ATP and lactate. 
C) ATP,CO2,and lactate. 
D) ATP,CO2,and ethanol. 
E) ATP,CO2,and acetyl CoA.

Question 12

Which of the following metabolic pathways requires a proton gradient?

Accepted Answer

A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) fermentation 
A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
B) the citric acid cycle 
C) oxidative phosphorylation 
D) glycolysis 
E) fermentation

Question 13

In liver cells,the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes.What purpose must this serve?

Accepted Answer

A) It increases the surface area for glycolysis. 
B) It increases the surface area for the citric acid cycle. 
C) It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) It increases the surface area for substrate-level phosphorylation. 
A) It increases the surface area for glycolysis. 
B) It increases the surface area for the citric acid cycle. 
C) It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) It increases the surface area for substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 14

Figure 7.1
-For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6)completely oxidized by cellular respiration,how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see Figure 7.1)?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 6 
E) 12 
A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 4 
D) 6 
E) 12

Question 15

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Accepted Answer

A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor requires O2. 
C) Glycolysis occurs in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are localized in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. 
A) Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukarya. 
B) Glycolysis neither uses nor requires O2. 
C) Glycolysis occurs in all eukaryotic cells. 
D) The enzymes of glycolysis are localized in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle.

Question 16

Figure 7.1
-In the citric acid cycle (see Figure 7.1),beginning with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate,how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 11 
D) 12 
E) 24 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 11 
D) 12 
E) 24

Question 17

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Accepted Answer

A) It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B) It does not involve organelles or specialized structures,does not require oxygen,and is present in most organisms. 
C) It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D) It relies on chemiosmosis,which is a metabolic mechanism present only in prokaryotic cells. 
A) It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B) It does not involve organelles or specialized structures,does not require oxygen,and is present in most organisms. 
C) It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D) It relies on chemiosmosis,which is a metabolic mechanism present only in prokaryotic cells.

Question 18

In the complete reactions of aerobic respiration,the energy for most of the ATP produced is provided by

Accepted Answer

A) transfer of electrons from organic molecules to acetyl CoA. 
B) high-energy phosphate bonds from organic molecule intermediates in the citric acid cycle. 
C) splitting water to produce oxygen. 
D) a proton gradient across a membrane. 
A) transfer of electrons from organic molecules to acetyl CoA. 
B) high-energy phosphate bonds from organic molecule intermediates in the citric acid cycle. 
C) splitting water to produce oxygen. 
D) a proton gradient across a membrane.

Question 19

The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy)result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) oxidation of O2 and reduction of H2O 
B) oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2 
C) reduction of CO2 and oxidation of O2 
D) reduction of C6H12O6 and oxidation of CO2 
A) oxidation of O2 and reduction of H2O 
B) oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2 
C) reduction of CO2 and oxidation of O2 
D) reduction of C6H12O6 and oxidation of CO2

Question 20

Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

A) 0% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 38% 
E) 100% 
A) 0% 
B) 2% 
C) 10% 
D) 38% 
E) 100%

Exam 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Which of the following terms describes metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules to release stored energy?

Which of the following metabolic pathways generates a proton gradient?

Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in glycolysis?

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Which of the following molecules donates electrons directly to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction,the glucose molecule becomes

In chemiosmosis,what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ℗i to ATP?

The oxygen atoms used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration are derived from which of the following molecules?

Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s)in mitochondria?

A young dog has never had much energy.A veterinarian discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration,and his cells produce more lactate than normal.Of the following,which is the best explanation of the dog's condition?

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation,which results in the production of

Which of the following metabolic pathways requires a proton gradient?

In liver cells,the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes.What purpose must this serve?

Figure 7.1 -For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6)completely oxidized by cellular respiration,how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see Figure 7.1)?

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth?

Figure 7.1 -In the citric acid cycle (see Figure 7.1),beginning with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate,how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

In the complete reactions of aerobic respiration,the energy for most of the ATP produced is provided by

The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy)result in which of the following?

Approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters

In chemiosmosis,what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ℗_i to ATP?

Figure 7.1 -For each mole of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)completely oxidized by cellular respiration,how many moles of CO₂ are released in the citric acid cycle (see Figure 7.1)?

The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy)result in which of the following?