Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

Current analysis indicates that less than 2% of the human genome codes for proteins. Based on the systems approach employed by the ENCODE project, what percentage of the genome is estimated to be transcribed at some point in at least one cell type?

Which of the following types of genes or gene families may be created by mutations that occur in one member of a gene pair that arose from gene duplication?

Bioinformatics can be used to scan for short sequences that specify known mRNAs, called ________.

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How can these fragments of DNA now be used?

When gene duplication occurs to its ultimate extent by doubling all genes in a genome, which of the following results has occurred?

During which of the following processes does exon shuffling occur?

Which of the following processes correctly describes gene annotation in bioinformatics?

If the sequence of a cDNA has matches with DNA sequences in the genome, then this genomic DNA could be described by which of the following statements?

Use the following information to answer the question. The figure shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. Which of the following statements describes the result of the movement of these blocks?

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the characteristics of alternative splicing in vertebrate genomes?

What is metagenomics?

How do transposable elements and short tandem repeats (STRs) differ?

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Which of the following processes is an early step in the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing?

Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?

Which of the following conclusions has led to the comparison between the number of human genes and those of other animal species?

Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated an important role of the FOXP2 transcription factor in the development of vocalizations. Recent sequence comparisons of the FOXP2 gene in Neanderthals and modern humans show that while the DNA sequence may be different, the protein sequence it codes for is identical. Which of the following conclusions might logically be inferred from this information?

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, so-called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of a multigene family?