Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of retrotransposons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition. 
B)  They are found only in animal cells. 
C)  They generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  They contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes. 
A)  They use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition. 
B)  They are found only in animal cells. 
C)  They generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  They contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes.

Question 2

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems. 
A)  using computer programs to align DNA sequences. 
B)  using DNA technology to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. 
C)  developing computer-based tools for genome analysis. 
D)  using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

Question 3

Based on the data in the Amino Acid Sequence Identity Table, which two members of the human globin gene family are the most divergent?

Accepted Answer

A)  α1 and ß 
B)  Αγ and ß 
C)  α1 and a2 
D)  α1 and G? 
A)  α1 and ß 
B)  Αγ and ß 
C)  α1 and a2 
D)  α1 and G?

Question 4

Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. Which of the listed mechanisms could allow for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  exon shuffling 
B)  pseudogene activation 
C)  differential translation of mRNAs 
D)  differential gene regulation over time 
A)  exon shuffling 
B)  pseudogene activation 
C)  differential translation of mRNAs 
D)  differential gene regulation over time

Question 5

Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Question 6

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for the domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following statements is therefore correct regarding homeotic genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed as an organism develops. 
B)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
C)  Homeotic genes in apes and humans are very different. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes. 
A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed as an organism develops. 
B)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
C)  Homeotic genes in apes and humans are very different. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes.

Question 7

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome 
A)  the number of genes characteristic of a species 
B)  the patterns of alternative splicing 
C)  the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type 
D)  the movement of transposable elements within the genome

Question 8

Why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

Accepted Answer

A)  Crickets have higher gene density. 
B)  Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
C)  Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
D)  Crickets must make many more proteins. 
A)  Crickets have higher gene density. 
B)  Drosophila are more complex organisms. 
C)  Crickets must have more noncoding DNA. 
D)  Crickets must make many more proteins.

Question 9

How do transposons and retrotransposons differ in how they move around in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by plasmids. 
B)  Transposons move by means of a DNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an RNA intermediate. 
C)  Transposons move by means of a RNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an DNA intermediate. 
D)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by bacteria. 
A)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by plasmids. 
B)  Transposons move by means of a DNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an RNA intermediate. 
C)  Transposons move by means of a RNA intermediate and retrotransposons move by means of an DNA intermediate. 
D)  Transposons move by viruses and retrotransposons move by bacteria.

Question 10

Which of the following statements defines proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the linkage of each gene to a particular protein. 
B)  It is the study of the full protein set and its properties. 
C)  It is the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein. 
D)  It is the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein. 
A)  It is the linkage of each gene to a particular protein. 
B)  It is the study of the full protein set and its properties. 
C)  It is the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein. 
D)  It is the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein.

Question 11

Bioinformatics includes ________.
I.using computer programs to align DNA sequences
II.creating recombinant DNA from separate species
III.developing computer-based tools for genome analysis
IV.using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  II and IV 
D)  I, III, and IV

Question 12

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
A)  placing them on previously generated genetic maps 
B)  cloning them into plasmid vectors 
C)  computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps 
D)  cloning them into plasmid vectors, placing them on previously generated genetic maps, followed by computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps

Question 13

Comparisons of DNA sequences within the human species have revealed many variations. Which of the following variations involves duplication of relatively long stretches of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  CNVs 
B)  SNPs 
C)  STRs 
D)  Transposable elements 
A)  CNVs 
B)  SNPs 
C)  STRs 
D)  Transposable elements

Question 14

A sequence database such as GenBank could be used to carry out which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Determine the expression pattern for specific human genes. 
B)  Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships between various bird species. 
C)  Search for genes that have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes. 
D)  Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-cancerous cells. 
A)  Determine the expression pattern for specific human genes. 
B)  Construct a tree to determine the evolutionary relationships between various bird species. 
C)  Search for genes that have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes. 
D)  Compare patterns of gene expression in cancerous and non-cancerous cells.

Question 15

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ in the expression of a large set of shared genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA microarray analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  DNA sequencing 
D)  protein-protein interaction assays 
A)  DNA microarray analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  DNA sequencing 
D)  protein-protein interaction assays

Question 16

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations 
A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations

Question 17

Which of the following statements is a correct representation of gene density?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have 1,000 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 protein-encoding genes in a 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Saccharomyces has a genome 40 times the size of a human genome. 
A)  Humans have 1,000 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 protein-encoding genes in a 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Saccharomyces has a genome 40 times the size of a human genome.

Question 18

A microarray is a tool used in genetic research to determine the mRNAs being produced in a particular tissue, and their relative level of expression. Known genes can therefore be assayed for their expression in different situations. One use of the technology is in cancer diagnosis and treatment. If a known gene functions as a tumor suppressor, predict which of the following pieces of evidence would be most useful in diagnosis of a cancer due to a mutation in this tumor-suppressor gene.

Accepted Answer

A)  The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. 
B)  The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. 
C)  The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. 
D)  The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high levels of expression. 
A)  The tissue sample shows a high level of gene expression relative to a control (noncancerous) sample. 
B)  The tissue sample responds to treatment with a mitosis-promoting compound. 
C)  The mRNAs for the targeted tumor suppressor sequence are not being produced. 
D)  The mRNAs for cyclins and kinases show unusually high levels of expression.

Question 19

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequences yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  structural genes 
B)  the number of repeated sequences 
C)  regulatory sequences 
D)  environmental factors 
A)  structural genes 
B)  the number of repeated sequences 
C)  regulatory sequences 
D)  environmental factors

Question 20

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Which of the following potential discoveries of additional data might be consistent with this hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in living humans 
B)  a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences 
C)  duplications of several Neanderthal genes on a Neanderthal chromosome 
D)  some Neanderthal chromosomes that are shorter than their counterparts in living humans 
A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in living humans 
B)  a few modern H. sapiens with some Neanderthal sequences 
C)  duplications of several Neanderthal genes on a Neanderthal chromosome 
D)  some Neanderthal chromosomes that are shorter than their counterparts in living humans

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

Which of the following statements correctly describes one characteristic of retrotransposons?

Bioinformatics includes all of the following except

Based on the data in the Amino Acid Sequence Identity Table, which two members of the human globin gene family are the most divergent?

Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. Which of the listed mechanisms could allow for this?

Homeotic genes

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for the domain of a protein that binds to DNA in a regulatory developmental process. Which of the following statements is therefore correct regarding homeotic genes?

What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?

Why might the cricket genome have eleven times as many base pairs as that of Drosophila melanogaster?

How do transposons and retrotransposons differ in how they move around in a genome?

Which of the following statements defines proteomics?

Bioinformatics includes ________. I.using computer programs to align DNA sequences II.creating recombinant DNA from separate species III.developing computer-based tools for genome analysis IV.using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems

Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into chromosomes by ________.

Comparisons of DNA sequences within the human species have revealed many variations. Which of the following variations involves duplication of relatively long stretches of DNA?

A sequence database such as GenBank could be used to carry out which of the following processes?

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate to test the hypothesis that humans and chimps differ in the expression of a large set of shared genes?

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Which of the following statements is a correct representation of gene density?

A current view of how the human and chimpanzee can share most of their nucleotide sequences yet exhibit significant phenotypic differences is that many of the most important sequence differences alter ________.

A recent study compared the Homo sapiens genome with that of Neanderthals. The results of the study indicated that there was a mixing of the two genomes at some period in evolutionary history. Which of the following potential discoveries of additional data might be consistent with this hypothesis?

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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