Question 1

Circulatory systems compensate for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma 
A)  temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue 
B)  the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances 
C)  the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system 
D)  the need to cushion animals from trauma

Question 2

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules 
A)  release all bound carbon dioxide molecules 
B)  bind more oxygen molecules 
C)  decrease its binding of H⁺ 
D)  give up more of its oxygen molecules

Question 3

Atrial systole ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers 
A)  occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole 
B)  pumps blood to the aorta 
C)  refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle 
D)  only occurs in the left heart chambers

Question 4

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B)  The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C)  Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D)  Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures. 
A)  Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. 
B)  The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. 
C)  Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. 
D)  Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

Question 5

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL 
A)  1450 mL 
B)  4000 mL 
C)  4450 mL 
D)  5000 mL

Question 6

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  production of erythropoietin 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin 
D)  synthesis of hemoglobin 
A)  production of erythropoietin 
B)  conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen 
C)  activation of prothrombin to thrombin 
D)  synthesis of hemoglobin

Question 7

Based on the graph, which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  The greatest delivery of oxygen from the blood to the surrounding tissues occurs at 37C. 
B)  Increasing blood pH results in more oxygen unloading in tissues. 
C)  Colder blood temperature results in greater dissociation of oxygen and hemoglobin. 
D)  Hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen under high temperature conditions. 
A)  The greatest delivery of oxygen from the blood to the surrounding tissues occurs at 37C. 
B)  Increasing blood pH results in more oxygen unloading in tissues. 
C)  Colder blood temperature results in greater dissociation of oxygen and hemoglobin. 
D)  Hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen under high temperature conditions.

Question 8

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

Accepted Answer

A)  the lungs of a vertebrate 
B)  the gills of a fish 
C)  the tracheal system of an insect 
D)  the skin of an earthworm 
A)  the lungs of a vertebrate 
B)  the gills of a fish 
C)  the tracheal system of an insect 
D)  the skin of an earthworm

Question 9

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart 
A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

Question 10

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an open circulatory system 
B)  a closed circulatory system 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity 
D)  branched tracheae 
A)  an open circulatory system 
B)  a closed circulatory system 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity 
D)  branched tracheae

Question 11

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  reptiles 
A)  amphibians 
B)  fishes 
C)  mammals 
D)  reptiles

Question 12

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

Accepted Answer

A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects 
A)  annelids 
B)  fishes 
C)  frogs 
D)  insects

Question 13

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Accepted Answer

A)  rising O₂ 
B)  falling O₂ 
C)  rising CO₂ 
D)  falling CO₂ 
A)  rising O₂ 
B)  falling O₂ 
C)  rising CO₂ 
D)  falling CO₂

Question 14

Pulse is a direct measure of

Accepted Answer

A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate. 
A)  blood pressure. 
B)  stroke volume. 
C)  cardiac output. 
D)  heart rate.

Question 15

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  those of birds, with a four-chambered heart 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber 
C)  those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment 
D)  those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow 
A)  those of birds, with a four-chambered heart 
B)  the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber 
C)  those of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment 
D)  those of humans, where there are four pumping chambers to drive blood flow

Question 16

Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

A)  The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. 
C)  The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
D)  The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle. 
A)  The animal is likely small and compact, without the need to pump blood very far from the heart. 
B)  The species likely has very wide-diameter veins. 
C)  The animal likely has a very long distance between its heart and its brain. 
D)  The animal likely has a relatively inactive lifestyle.

Question 17

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  mouse 
B)  human 
C)  hippopotamus 
D)  giraffe 
A)  mouse 
B)  human 
C)  hippopotamus 
D)  giraffe

Question 18

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation 
A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants 
C)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant 
D)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

Question 19

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. 
B)  The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. 
C)  The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. 
D)  The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. 
A)  The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. 
B)  The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. 
C)  The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. 
D)  The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

Question 20

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries 
D)  increased diffusion of hemoglobin 
A)  loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries 
B)  development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls 
C)  loss of fluid from capillaries 
D)  increased diffusion of hemoglobin

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Circulatory systems compensate for ________.

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 causes hemoglobin to ________.

Atrial systole ________.

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ________.

A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ________.

Based on the graph, which of the following statements is correct?

Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ________.

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ________.

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Pulse is a direct measure of

The circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks are most similar to ________.

Which of the following would you expect of a species that has a high resting cardiac output?

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing. Why?

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters