Exam 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to ________.

Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an IPSP in postsynaptic cell X and an EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likely explanation is that

The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in ________.

The operation of the sodium-potassium pump moves ________.

When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing ________.

Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I.Action potentials move faster in wider axons. II.Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III.Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons.

Refer to the following graph of an action potential to answer the question. At label ________, the cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are inactivated or becoming inactivated, and many potassium channels have opened.

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by ________.

Action potentials move along axons ________.

Neurotransmitters can affect postsynaptic cells by ________. I.initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II.causing molecular changes in the cells III.altering ion channel proteins IV.altering the permeability of the cells

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the ________.

A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by ________.

Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels ________.

Most of the neurons in the human central nervous system are ________.

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by ________.

Conduction and refractory periods (states) are typical of ________.

The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because ________.

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by ________.

The three stages of information processing in animals include ________.