Question 1

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  pattern formation 
B)  differentiation 
C)  determination 
D)  organogenesis 
A)  pattern formation 
B)  differentiation 
C)  determination 
D)  organogenesis

Question 2

Embryonic induction, the influence of one group of cells on another group of cells, plays a critical role in embryonic development. In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold transplanted a piece of tissue that influences the formation of the notochord and neural tube, from the dorsal lip of an amphibian embryo to the ventral side of another amphibian embryo. If embryonic induction occurred, which of the following observations justifies the claim of embryonic induction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The transplanted tissue induced multiple limbs to develop on the ventral side of the recipient embryo. 
B)  The transplanted tissue inhibited normal cell division on the dorsal side of the recipient embryo that lead to its death. 
C)  The transplanted tissue had no effect on either the ventral or dorsal side of the recipient embryo so it continued to develop normally. 
D)  The transplanted tissue induced the formation of a second notochord and neural tube on the ventral side of the developing embryo. 
A)  The transplanted tissue induced multiple limbs to develop on the ventral side of the recipient embryo. 
B)  The transplanted tissue inhibited normal cell division on the dorsal side of the recipient embryo that lead to its death. 
C)  The transplanted tissue had no effect on either the ventral or dorsal side of the recipient embryo so it continued to develop normally. 
D)  The transplanted tissue induced the formation of a second notochord and neural tube on the ventral side of the developing embryo.

Question 3

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  chickens, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans 
A)  chickens, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans

Question 4

The first cavity formed during frog development is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blastopore 
B)  mouth 
C)  blastocoel 
D)  anus 
A)  blastopore 
B)  mouth 
C)  blastocoel 
D)  anus

Question 5

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans uniquely contain ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins of maternal origin 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions 
C)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials 
D)  P granules of mRNA and protein 
A)  proteins of maternal origin 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions 
C)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials 
D)  P granules of mRNA and protein

Question 6

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine 
B)  resting during halftime of a basketball game 
C)  preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven 
D)  walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch 
A)  placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine 
B)  resting during halftime of a basketball game 
C)  preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven 
D)  walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch

Question 7

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol 
D)  depletion of its ATP supplies 
A)  abnormally high levels of carbonic acid in the cytosol 
B)  abnormally low levels of extracellular oxygen 
C)  injection of calcium ions into the cytosol 
D)  depletion of its ATP supplies

Question 8

Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mitosis 
B)  membrane depolarization 
C)  vitellogenesis 
D)  acrosomal reaction 
A)  mitosis 
B)  membrane depolarization 
C)  vitellogenesis 
D)  acrosomal reaction

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the question.
In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1)from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
 
What is a broader implication from the observations of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  In sea urchins, fertilization of eggs by sperm is dependent upon species-specific protein interactions. 
B)  Only some species of sea urchins use receptor proteins on their eggs to bind sperm. 
C)  Protein-coated plastic beads should not be used to test sperm binding to eggs. 
D)  S. franciscanus is probably not a sea urchin, but must be some other type of organism. 
A)  In sea urchins, fertilization of eggs by sperm is dependent upon species-specific protein interactions. 
B)  Only some species of sea urchins use receptor proteins on their eggs to bind sperm. 
C)  Protein-coated plastic beads should not be used to test sperm binding to eggs. 
D)  S. franciscanus is probably not a sea urchin, but must be some other type of organism.

Question 10

The formation of the fertilization envelope requires an increase in the cytosolic concentration of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium ions 
B)  hydrogen ions 
C)  potassium ions 
D)  sodium ions 
A)  calcium ions 
B)  hydrogen ions 
C)  potassium ions 
D)  sodium ions

Question 11

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole 
A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole

Question 12

A human blastomere is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an embryonic cell that is smaller than the ovum 
B)  an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity 
C)  that part of the acrosome that opens the egg's membrane 
D)  a cell that contains a (degenerating) second polar body 
A)  an embryonic cell that is smaller than the ovum 
B)  an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity 
C)  that part of the acrosome that opens the egg's membrane 
D)  a cell that contains a (degenerating) second polar body

Question 13

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Accepted Answer

A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells. 
A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells.

Question 14

Select the choice that correctly matches the organ with its embryonic sources.

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal medulla-endoderm 
B)  nervous system-mesoderm 
C)  kidney-mesoderm 
D)  skin-endoderm and mesoderm 
A)  adrenal medulla-endoderm 
B)  nervous system-mesoderm 
C)  kidney-mesoderm 
D)  skin-endoderm and mesoderm

Question 15

The pattern of embryonic development in which only the cells lacking yolk subsequently undergo cleavage is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  holoblastic development, which is typical of marsupial mammals 
B)  meroblastic development, which is typical of humans 
C)  holoblastic development, which is typical of amphibians 
D)  meroblastic development, which is typical of birds 
A)  holoblastic development, which is typical of marsupial mammals 
B)  meroblastic development, which is typical of humans 
C)  holoblastic development, which is typical of amphibians 
D)  meroblastic development, which is typical of birds

Question 16

The plasma membrane of the sea urchin egg ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is outside of the fertilization membrane 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins 
D)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg 
A)  is outside of the fertilization membrane 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins 
D)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg

Question 17

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the "organizer" in amphibian embryos while studying the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  medial cells between the optic cups 
B)  anterior terminus of the notochord 
C)  lateral margins of the neural tube 
D)  dorsal lip of the blastopore 
A)  medial cells between the optic cups 
B)  anterior terminus of the notochord 
C)  lateral margins of the neural tube 
D)  dorsal lip of the blastopore

Question 18

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an insect 
B)  an amphibian 
C)  a bird 
D)  a sea urchin 
A)  an insect 
B)  an amphibian 
C)  a bird 
D)  a sea urchin

Question 19

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak 
A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak

Question 20

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  block polyspermy 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg 
D)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm 
A)  block polyspermy 
B)  help propel more sperm toward the egg 
C)  digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg 
D)  trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm

Exam 47: Animal Development

The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3-D space defines ________.

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

The first cavity formed during frog development is the ________.

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans uniquely contain ________.

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like ________.

Even in the absence of sperm, metabolic activity in an egg can be artificially activated by ________.

Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief ________.

The formation of the fertilization envelope requires an increase in the cytosolic concentration of ________.

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

A human blastomere is ________.

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Select the choice that correctly matches the organ with its embryonic sources.

The pattern of embryonic development in which only the cells lacking yolk subsequently undergo cleavage is called ________.

The plasma membrane of the sea urchin egg ________.

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the "organizer" in amphibian embryos while studying the ________.

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of ________.

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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