Exam 5: Learning

If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting __________.

Learning is a process by which experience results in __________.

In classical conditioning, behavior typically is __________, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is __________.

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________.

When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to __________.

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________.

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Elena works as a seamstress. Her boss tells her that every time she completes five shirts, she will receive $5. When done with the five shirts, she dumps them into a bin and gets paid. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be __________.

In Tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after Day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats __________.

Hermione was given a $1,000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a __________.

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was fear of the __________.

When Dax thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend, he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This example BEST illustrates __________.

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a __________ schedule.

Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change __________.

Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by __________.

Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit __________ when later trained in an avoidance procedure.

On a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is given __________.

__________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of __________.

The Brelands tried to condition pigs to drop wooden coins into a bank. This turned out not to be easy, as the pigs tended to make instinctual responses as compared to the learned responses.